Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
Religion before Amarna
A
- The sun-god and the king lay at the heart of Egyptian theological thinking and cultic practice
- Sun-god is the primeval creator, all the other gods emerged from him and were therefore aspects of him
- A tendency towards a form of monotheism
- Amun-Ra King of gods, go through a daily cycle of death and rebirth
- King was publicly acclaimed as the earthly embodiment of Amun, and kings were the bodily sons of Amun
- Played crucial rule during Amun-Ra’s daily ritual as priest
- Thebe–center for religious belief
2
Q
Akhenaten, reigned for 17 years
- In Thebe
- In Amarna
- Royal women
A
In Thebe
- Crowned by Amun in Thebe
- Maybe coregency between Amenhotep 3 and 4, debate
- Year 3/4, New Karnak temple, dedicated to the sun-disc instead of Amun, Gem-Pa-Aten
- Have not yet replaced other gods
- Divine father and co-regent of the king
- Sed festival yr 3, unusual timing
In Amarna
- Year 6-9 Religious reform and moving capital
- Severed links to Thebe and Amun, absolute and exclusive promotion of Aten
- Closed other temples, rejected and prosecute other gods, erasure of name, religious procession and festivals stopped
- Opposition from priests of the cult of Amun
- Nefertiti’s mansion in Thebe, reconciliation with the old cult
- Year 6, changed his name to Akhenaten
- Year 5, built new city on virgin soil dedicated to Aten
- Took residence in Amarna within 2 year of its foundation
- Severed links to Thebe and Amun, absolute and exclusive promotion of Aten
Royal women
- Nefertiti
- Became co-regent with Akhenaten
- Maybe Smenkhkara
- Often accompanied by Meritaten, had structures dedlcated only to her, and performed rituals that were reserved for the king
- Kiya
- Mitanni princess?
- Disapear in year 12, threat to Nefertiti?
- Fell from grace at some point
3
Q
City of Amarna
A
- Boundary
- Boundary marked by series of stelae carved into cliffs and rocks
- Relief and statues of the king and the queen giving offerings to Aten
- Boundary stelae
- City built and named because of divine decree from Aten
- Sacredness because it is built on virgin land
- Shall not expand beyond the designated boundary
- Emphasis on east as a direction
- Direction of sun rise
- Build all sorts of bulidings meant for Aten
- Built tombs
- Royal tomb
- King, Nefertiti, Meritaten
- If die anywhere else, should be brought back to Amarna
- Cemetary for high officials
- Royal tomb
- City well protected because of how the cliffs are situated
- Well spread because little limitation on city space since built on elevated cliffs
- Had plenty of fertile agricultural land along Nile riverbank
- Built by talatat instead of large sandstone blocks
- Pros: Speed of construction, originally everything built by mudbricks
- Cons: harder to carve relief, doesn’t withstand time
- City limit includes
- Tomb, contradicting to ancient practice of seperating the living quarter with the burials
- Agricultural land on the other side of the riverbanks
- Living quarters for commoners
- Loosly planned, cluster of small villages, look like it developed naturally
- Wells for daily water source, storage space
- Temples and palaces
- Designed and planned by Akhenaten, linked to religious idea
- Temple
- Innovation in architectural style, vs Karnak
- Karnak: succession of courts, pylons, and rooms, smaller and darker, statues of gods sit in complete darkness
- Amarna: create as little shadow and darkness as possible, no man-made cult image, studded with large number of small alters
- The Great Aten Temple
- Bakery, butcher yard, lots of small units
- The Small Aten Temple (Mansion of the Aten)
- Next to the king’s working palace in the city
- Private space for king’s worshiping? Mortuary chapel for Akhenaten
- Innovation in architectural style, vs Karnak
- Palace
- Suburb
- Where the royal family lives
- The North Riverside Palace
- Another palace
- Royal road connects suburb with the city
- Daily procession on chariot
- Inside the city
- King’s House
- King’s working palace
- window of appearance, reward ceremony
- The Royal Palace
- Ceremonial palace, for state occasions
- Record’s office
- Amarna Letters
- King’s House
- Suburb
4
Q
Art style in Amarna period
A
- The Amarna Style of portrait and statues
- Akhenaten portrayed very different, instructed by Akhenaten
- Much more feminine, deformed, exaggerated, elongatd features
- Reflect physical appearance, genetic disorder
- Also affected representation of other human being
- More balanced style toward later part of the reign
- Akhenaten portrayed very different, instructed by Akhenaten
- Scene of royal family showing intimacy and emotions
- Overall, representations have more sense of movement and speed, general looseness and freedom of expression, more detailed
- Representation of Aten
- No longer of human form, a sun-disc with extending hands receiving offerings and holding symbols of life
5
Q
Religion of the Amarna period
A
- Akhenaten monopolized all aspects of religious life
- Sole intermediary between people and god, people can’t worship Aten directly, must worship the king
- Take power from the temple and priests
- Dominate wall decoration in private tombs
- Akhenaten wrote the new dogma of the religion
- New interpretation of the underlife, deny the existence of the underworld
- Personal piety replaced by loyalty to Akhenaten
- Sole intermediary between people and god, people can’t worship Aten directly, must worship the king
- Aten instead of Amun
- Change in temple architecture
- open structure
- offering tables in open court
- Light vs darkness
6
Q
Why Akhenaten failed
A
- Religious reform
- Too radical, people cannot directly worship the god
- Akhenaten is too self-centered
- Foreign affairs are out of place
- Amarna letter, so many foreign rulers complaining about not enough gifts, especially Mitanni king, fewer gifts compared to Amenhotep 3
- Akhenaten not receiving well reception
- Lossing battles, restoration decree
- Amarna letter, so many foreign rulers complaining about not enough gifts, especially Mitanni king, fewer gifts compared to Amenhotep 3
7
Q
Amarna letter
A
- Archive of international correspondence
- Around 350 letters, 25 years, from last years of Amenhotep 3, Akhenaten, to early years of Tutankhamun
- Letters between rulers whose status are equal to that of the pharaoh
- Babylonia, Assyria, Mittani, Hatti, Arzawa and Alashiya
- Extravagent gift giving (trading) and political marriage
- Emphasis on brotherhood and salutation
- Letter from city states ruler that subordinated themselves to the pharoah
- Express servility, try to outdo other city state rulers, and in terms demand gold, troops
- Salutation
- Rib-hadda of Byblos
- Problems with emergence of power in Amurru and Suppilulium, King of Hatti
- Overall, Egyptian policy towards the Palestine area
- Protecting the trade routes with minimum amount of direct intervention of local power games
- EA 9 w Babylonian
- History btw two empires and friendship
- Demand of more gold because of work on temple
- Problems with the Assyrian
- Babylonian used to control Assyria, but Assyria is rising to power
- Concerned about Egypt being friendly to them, don’t like the idea to Assyria joining as an independent party, pressuring Egypt to be more hostile towards the Assyrians
- EA 10 w Babylonian king
- Complaints that Egypt hasn’t been sending enough greeting gifts
- The gold that Egypt send was of bad quality, looked like ash when melt
- Request skilled carpenters and statues for the temple
- Sending gifts to Akhenaten’s daughter for possible political marriage
- EA 15 w Assyrian king
- Assyrian joining the international scene for the first time
- Rising to power
- EA 16 w Assyrian king
- Complaining not enough greeting gift
- Gold is dirt in Egypt, simply gather it up
- Send me much gold
- Compare with Mitanni about how much gold received as gift
- Messengers in mortal danger because they stay constantly out in the sun and dying in the sun
- Complaining not enough greeting gift
- EA 26 w Mitanni king
- Writing to widowed wife Queen Teye of Amenhotep 3
- Relationship with Amenhotep 3
- Send Akhenaten 10 times the gift he used to send to Amenhotep, but received less than before, therefore complaining
- EA 136 w Rib-Hadda
- Different relationship compared to earlier ones
- Vassal under Egyptian control instead of rulers of equal standing
- Very desperate because city under attack
- Repeatedly wrote to the king for help but had no reply
- Getting attacked by neighbor Amurru
8
Q
Tutankhamun (succession and regent, restoration, foreign policy)
A
- Tutankhaten ascended the throne as a kid in Amarna
- No senior female royal member
- Nefertiti and Kiya disappeared
- Horemheb, a seniro military officila as regent
- No senior female royal member
- Abandoned Amarna in regnal year 1
- Moved court back to Memphis
- Restore old cult and Thebe as religious center
- Changed name to Tutankhamun
- Maybe adviced by Horemheb
- Early in his reign, military confrontation with the Hittites led by Horemheb
- Regain some control in the Syria area
- Reassert Egyptian authority in Nubia
- Maya, treasury and overseer of work
- Reorganize administration and restore traditional temple as economic center
- Sent to temples from the Delta to Elephantine to collect taxes that were diverted to the cult of Aten
- Demolish temples and palaces of Akhenaten and reburial in Valley of the Kings
- Reorganize administration and restore traditional temple as economic center
- Restoration stelae
- King’s official repundiation of the Aten cult and restoration of old cults
- negative description of the state Egypt was in
- temples fell into decay, gods ignoring the land, and not answering prayers
- army sent to Levant had no success
- Indication that Egypt was lossing a lot of battles during Akhenaten’s reign
- Everything got better after Tutankhamun ascended the throne
- Returned to Thebe
- Compensated the gods by giving more than what had been done previously, surpassing the ancestors
- Buying off noble families
- installed their children as priests and clergy
- Gods heart are joyful, gave divine decree to Tutankhamun as king of egypt
- Died in regnal year 10
- Burial in Valley of the King
- Was not robbed because entrance blocked by Ramesses 6’s tomb
9
Q
Ay (succession)
Horemheb (Succession, building activities, legitimization)
A
- Horemheb was regent of Tutankhamun, earned the right to succeed Thutankhamun
- Tutankhamun died when Horemheb was fighting battles in Levant, Ay took power for himself
- Ay, ca. 3 yrs
- Probably first acted as an interim king
- Ankhesenarnun’s letter to the Hittite king Shupiluliuma to ask for a son
- Shupiluliuma was suspicious, but sent a son after investigation, but prince was murdered potentially by Horemheb
- Tried to make amends with the Hittites, denying responsibility for death of the prince, but no success
- Tried to prevent Horemheb from ascending the throne
- Probably first acted as an interim king
- Horemheb–last king of 18th D
- Ascended the throne despite Ay’s effort
- Deface Ay’s monuments
- Length of reign under debate
- Trouble with the Hittites in Levant
- Year 10, unsuccessful attempt to reconquer Qadesh and Amurru
- Maybe an agreement with the Hittite
- Great Hypostyle Hall in Karnak
- Systematic demolition of Amarna
- Reorganization of the country
- The Great Edict
- legal measures and regulation of the local court of justice
- Legitimization since non-royal blood
- Royal marraige, his queen related to Nefertiti
- Divine election
- Coronation Text
- Does not hide his non-royal bg
- chosen by Horus as a young man, prepared for his future, acted as regent, presented to Amun and elected as king
- Owns his kingship to the will of his personal god and to divine election by Amun
- Resemble Hatshepsut
- Ascended the throne despite Ay’s effort
10
Q
Aftermath of Amarna
A
Religion
- Superficially went back to traditional religion
- Shift in religious attitude, much more emphasis on direct connection between people and the god
- Tomb as private mortuary temple of its owner, owner is the center
- Royal prerogative such as pyramids and statues of god in private tomb
- Relief about owner’s career and achievement, and them directly adoring the gods
- King’s role minimized, no more offering to the king
- Reation against total monopolization of the funerary cult of his subjects and the notion of afterlife
Art-fusion of pre-Amarna and Amarna style, not as exaggerating, but more detailed than before, closer to pre-Amarna
Politics
- Problem with succession
- Akhenaten died in year 17
- Not sure about Nefertiti
- Smenkhkara, ca. 2yrs
- Nefertiti? Uncertain identity
- Tutankhamun, ca. 9-10 years
- Ay, ca. 3 yrs
- Not member of the royal family
- Horemhab, ca. 28 yrs
- Not member of the royal family
- Akhenaten died in year 17
- Foreign affairs
- Bad reception of Akhenaten, Amarna Letter
- Hatti defeated Mitanni, who was Egypt’s ally
- During Akhenaten’s reign
- Loss of control over some vassal, Amurru
- Egyptian lost its position as a huge player
- Assyria rising to power
- Lose some northern terriotry, relationship with the Hittite
11
Q
Relationship with the Hittites
A
- During Akhenaten’s reign
- Avoidable conlict, lack on action when Byblos was asking for help
- Hittites conquered the Mitanni kingdom, around year 13 of Akhenaten’s reign
- Aleppos, Niya, Qatna, Nuhasses
- Only Mitannian stronghold at Karkemish remained unsubdued
- Rules of the conquered states were transported to Hattusa
- Kadesh unaffected
- During Tutankhamun
- Military confrontation with the Hittite led by Horemheb
- After death of Tutankhamun, during Ay’s reign
- The affair of the Egyptian Queen
- Egypt was afraid of the Hittite
- Tutankhamun died, widowed queen ask a son from Hittite to marry her and become the king of Egypt because she cannot marry her servant
- Unprecedent nature, Suppililiuma was suspicious, sent people to investigate, queen replied, Suppililiuma was convinced and send a son
- The prince was murdered, and Suppililiuma accused the Egyptian for his son’s death
- Ay was already on the throne, so his son should have been sent back
- The peace treaty in plae since Amenhotep 2 and Thutmose 4 period fell apart because of this, Suppililiuma declared war on Egypt
- Hittite attacked Levant area under Egyptian control, took back captives
- Because Hatti transgressed the oath of the gods, they were punished by the plague brought by the Egyptian captives
- Ay trying to re-establish peace but wasn’t successful
- The affair of the Egyptian Queen
- Horemheb
- Year 10, unsuccessful attempt to reconquer Qadesh and Amurru
- Qadesh under Hittite contol
- Maybe peace treaty
- Year 10, unsuccessful attempt to reconquer Qadesh and Amurru
- Sety 1
- Syrian campaign, gained Amurru and Qadesh, but lost that to the Hittites again
- Peace after that
- Ramesses 2
- Year 4, first Syrian campaign, gained Amurru
- lost to Hittite soon
- Year 5, second camgpaign
- Battle of Kadesh, important trade center
- Mention of the Sheridan
- from Sardinia
- Mercenary captured by Egyptian, worked for the Egyptian army
- Depicted with spiky helmet
- Four main divisions
- In a haste to reach Qadesh, only brought the first Amun division with him
- Very long stretch of marching line
- Before crossing river, some informers pledged allegiance to Egypt, gave Rameses the wrong information that the Hittities are in the far north
- Geography of Qadesh, between two rivers, river as natural barrier
- Crossed western river, set up camp to wait for other divisions
- Captured counter spies, told him the truth that the Hittite army is on the other side of Qadesh
- Set up counter-measure against attack
- Sent vizier to hurry up the other divisions
- Summoned chief officer
- Sent away royal family
- Muwatalli had an army twice the size, hidden behinds trees on the east side of Qadesh
- First attacked the second division that was about to join the first
- Turned around and attacked the Amun division, seems like all was about to loss
- Shield bear tried to get Rameses to flee, was told no
- Single handed dealing the enemies
- Called out to his fatehr Amun and his prayer was answered, an Egyptian support forve from the coast of Amurru, Hittite was cuaght between, and Ramesse and the supporting force together severely reduced the number of enemies and drove the Hittite back to the other side of the river
- Third and forth division arrived at the end of the battle, set down camp
- The 1st and 2nd division of Egypt severely destructed; Hittites lost a lot of chariots and military leaders
- Attacked the next morning, but battle ended in stalemate
- Muwatalli offered a peace treaty, rejected by Rameses, but resolved the dilemma temporarily by giving up Amurru and Qadesh and went back to Egypt
- Mention of the Sheridan
- Some successful campaigns, but never got to keep the vassal states
- Peace treaty during year 21
- Assyrian rose to power, threatening Hittites
- Prompted the peace treaty to be made between Rameses 2 and Hattusil 3
- Promised to
- Never trespass again
- If foe comes against either party, should come to rescue as an ally
- Extradition protocol
- Huttusili kicked Muwatalli’s son Mursili out of the throne, and he fled to Egypt
- Let not his error be charged against him
- Help keep the lineage of succession going
- Sworn in front of all types of god
- Hittite version carved on silver tablet, Egyptian text on Karnak and the Ramesseum
- Egypt accepted the loss of Qadash and Amurru
- Married a Hittite princess
- Year 4, first Syrian campaign, gained Amurru
12
Q
19th D
A
- Rameses 1
- Sety 1
- Rameses 2
- Merenptah
- Sety 2
- Amenmesse
- Siptah/ Tausret
13
Q
Rameses 1 (succession)
Sety 1 (succession, restoration, building activity, foreign policy)
A
Rameses 1–1st ruler of 19th D
- principle of electing non-royal heir/ military leader adopted after Ay and Horemheb
- Originally Paramessu, from Avaris, worship the local god Seth
- Seth considered to be the Ramessid royal family’s royal ancestor
- Appointed by Horemheb as prince regent, acted as Horemheb’s vizier, military commander of fortress and strongholds
- Preoccupation with the military situation in northern territory, Levant
- Succeded Horemheb as Ramese 1, reigned for less tha na year
Seti 1
- Son of Ramese 1, appointed vizier and commander of Sile during Ramese 1’s reign, had priest title
- Reigned 10-12 yrs
- Credited with the bulk of the restoration of the traditional temples
- restore inscriptions and Amun images carved out during Amarna period
- Building activities
- A line of castle connecting Egypt and South Palestine
- Great Hypostyle Hall
- Continued the work of Horemheb
- Relief about Libyan and Syrian campaigns
- Influenced by the realism during Amarna period
- Different enemies: Asiatics, Libyan, Hittites
- Bring spoils back home and present to Amun
- Temple of Seti at Abydos for Osiris
- Abydos king list
- list of royal ancestors participating in the offering cult
- Amarna episode obliterated from official record, from Amenhotep 3 jump to Horemheb
- Akhenaten to Ay added to Horemheb’s reign
- No Hatshepsut
- Before first king, was name of the gods
- Depiction of Seti 1 and Ramesses 2
- Legitimization by associating themslves with previous rulers
- Abydos king list
- Reopen quarries and mines
- Foreign policy: regain control lost in Amarna period
- Nubian campaigns
- captives for labor
- secure the gold mine
- Fought off incursion by Libyan tribes along western border of the Delta
- Before confrontation with the Hittite
- Syrian campaigns
- regnal year 1, campaign in southern Palestine
- Later, expedition further north and regained Qadesh and Amurru
- A war with Hittite and lost Qadesh and Amurru
- Guarded peace
- Gained control of copper mine
- Nubian campaigns
- Established capital in Qantir—capital of 19th D and 20th D
- Close to Avaris
- Access to the delta, Mediterranean and harbor
14
Q
Rameses 2 (Succession, Military campaigns, Builidng activities, Reflection of great past, jubilee festival, sons and grandson)
A
- Succession
- Son of Seti 1, appointed co-regent
- Born during the reign of Horemheb, before his father and grandfather became king
- Place an emphasis on his family lineage being high officials
- Coronation text, same emphasis as Horemheb on divine election and long preperation before succession
- Succession of the crown prince not a foregone conclusion during Seti’s reign
- During Rameses 2’s reign, lots of mentioning of royal prince, emphasising kingship is hereditary
- Later, switched back to divine birth myth
- Military campaigns
- Early in his reign, quelled a regional Nubian rebellion
- Year 4, first major campaign to Syria, Amurru returned to Egypt
- Lost to Hittite to long agter
- Year 5, second campaign against Syria
- Battle of Qadesh
- Hittite didn’t win even though had army twice the size–heterogeneous army, problem with organization
- Even though didn’t accomplish the goal Rameses set out to do, was considered a great victory and extensively recorded on temple wall, celebrating king’s leadership as well as thanking Amun
- A few other confrontation in Syria, but never got to keep the vassal states
- Peace treaty with the Hittite in year 21
- Have to accept loss of Amurru and Qadesh
- 1st official peace treaty
- Married a Hittite princess in year 34
- Fought off Libyan invaders on the western border, especially fringe of delta
- Built a series of fortification
- Building activities
- Valley of the Queen
- Nefertari
- courtyards and pylons at Luxor temple, align with his mortuary temple
- Mortuary temple the Ramesseum at Thebe
- Large scale
- Economic center
- Coronation of the king, Amun and Sashat writing name of king on a tree
- temple for Osiris at Abydos
- Usurped a bunch of monuments from earlier rulers
- Rock inscription at Nah el-Kelb
- really far away from Egypt
- Later, the sele of an Assyrian king at the same place, describing how he plunders Egypt, trying to associate himself with Rameses 2
- 8 rock temples in lower Nubia
- Temple of Abu Simbel in Nubia
- Moved because of the high dam, rescued
- Expanded Avaris and made it his great Delta residence Piramesse
- Situated near Avaris and Qantir in Eastern Delta
- Asiatic influence
- Foreign deity worshipped by Rameses
- foreigners as high-ranking officials
- specialist craftsman from Hittite teaching Egypt about their latest weapon technology
- Prisoners of war integrated into Egyptian army
- Overall, monuments impress more by size and quantity, rather than quality
- Valley of the Queen
- Reflection of great past
- Especially like usurping monuments from Amenhotep 3 and kings from 12th D
- Renewed interests in classical writers during Old and Middle kingdom
- Had 14 jubliee festivals
- First in year 30
- In 3 years interval after that
- Towards end of his reign, annually
- Deified during 8th year of riegn
- Royal prince
- Khaemwase
- High priest, scholar and magician
- Special interest in the Old Kingdom
- Became crown prince in year 52 of Ramese 2’s reign
- All twelve sons died before Rameses 2 did
- Isetnefret became crown prince after Khawmwase
- Died and his 4th son Merenptah became crown prince and eventually succeed the throne
- Khaemwase
15
Q
End of 19th D
Merenptah (military campaigns)
Why 19th D ended
A
- Military campaigns
- Nubian campaign
- Palestine campaign
- Mainly campaign against the Libyans, year 5
- Libyans joined force with some Sea People and penetrated the western Delta, threatening Memphis
- The king of the Libyan tribe was found guilt of his crime by Amun and other gods
- A holy war, captured a bunch and killed a bunch
- Victory stele, recorded all military campaigns and the first mention of Isreal
- Mortuary temple- stole lots of stone from Amenhotep 3
- Died in year 9
Why 19th D ended
- Problem with succession after his death, none of the ruler had a long reign
- Sety 2 had a power struggle with Amenmessu
- Saptah, only son of Sety 2, succeeded but was ill, had a regent Tausret, who later became another female king, support of Syrian official Bay
- Bay may seized power for himself and got expelled by Sethnakht
- Also, lots of conflicts at Egyptian border, not since the Hyksos at the end of the second intermediate period
16
Q
The Libyan invasion (motivation)
A
- Motivated by climate change and corp failure, wanted to settle in Egypt
- First mentioned during Seti 1’s reign
- a campaign against them in the Delta
- Rameses 2
- Campaign against them on the Western border, especially fringe of Delta
- Built a series of fortification
- Merenptah
- Libyan joined force with the sea people and penetrated the western delta, thretening Memphis
- Another campaign, the holy war
- A bunch of captives settled in the Delta
- Rameses 3
- Egypt seemed to accept their peaceful immigration, penetrated the western delta
- But revolt against Egypt becuase Rameses 3 interfered with their king’s succession
- Campaign in year 5 and 11 of Rameses’s reign
17
Q
The Sea People (motivation, origin,
A
- Motivated by famine and climate change
- Record of Egypt sending Hittites corps
- Why aren’t Egypt affected? mainly affected by African climate and the Nile, not so dependent on the rainfall in the Delta
- Mtcenae, Aegean, Sheridan all suggested as possible source
- Very organized and sept through multiple empires
- Hittite, empires in the Anatolia, Cyprus
- First appeared at Egyptian border during Merenptah’s reign, joined force with the Libyans
- Ramesses 3: battle against the sea people
- Never managed to conquer Egypt
18
Q
Beginning of 20th D Sethnakht
A
- Elephantine stela of King Sethnakht
- The land was in confusion and Egyptian neglected the god
- Similar language as the restoration decree
- Potentially referring to reign of Bay
- Legitimizing, elected by the gods out of thousands
- problem with succession
- Lots of military, defensive language use
- Conflicts
- Situation was bad when he ascended the throne
- King makes everything better
- Expelled rebels who left behind gold, silver and copper
- Rebels giving resources to the Asiatic to help them come to power
- Failed because god was on the side of Sethnakht
- After that, no opponents
- The land was in confusion and Egyptian neglected the god
19
Q
Ramesses 3 (military campagins, mortuarty tempels, Punt, loss of economic power and murder)
A
- Last period of peace and stability in New Kingdom
- Military campaign
- overall, Egyptian border was under attacked by lots of forces: Anatolia, Sea People, Libya, lots of population movement
- Year 5, campaign against Libya
- Rameses interfered with Libyan king succession, and there was a revolt
- Year 11, Libyan invasion again
- Year 8 Battle against the Sea People
- Inscription on mortuary temple
- Exhausting king as a warrior
- King speaking to everyone in the realm, reflects the gravity of the situation
- Chosen one by the gods out of thousands even though has royal bloodline
- Suggestion of other attacks on Egypt before year 8
- Sea people winning a lot of battles, identify some potential sources
- But Rameses 3 has a plan
- Prepared for invasion by land and by sea, defence at Djahy for land, fortified the mouth of Nile branches, with best of the best soliders, each pick of Egypt
- Sea People came by water, and was defeated
- Never dared to come back to Egypt
- Seized foreign land, exaggeration
- Mortuary temple at Medinet Habu
- Exterior wall relief, battle aginst the Sea People
- Military fortified gate, enclosure wall
- Economic center
- Expedition to Punt
- The Great Harris Papyrus
- King offering to Theban temples
- 1/3 of cultivatable land owned by Karnak
- Loss of economic power
- Finance crisis—strike in Deir el-Medina
- The Harem Conspiracy
- Ringleader: Rameses’ wife Tiy and her son Pentaweret
- Involve a lot of court officials and wives of them
- Turin Judicial Papyrus
- A group of people that are very close with Ramesse investigated the conspiracy
- Don’t know who it is, but don’t blame people wrongfully
- First group of people, his punishment befall him
- Second group, took their own life
- Fourth group, cut off noses and ears
- Crime from not reporting to organize rebellion against Rameses 3
- Planned to murder the king during the annual Opet Festival
- Magical spells, magical scrolls and wax figurines
- Probably succeded, deep cut on his throat
- But Pentaweret never succeed the throne
- mummy wrapped in goat skin, not properly burried
- Unusual mummification
- Death by suffocation
*
20
Q
Deir el-Medina
A
- Stike during Rameses 3’s reign
- 3 stage of devlopement
- Thutmose 1, Thutmose 3, Ramesses
- problem with water supply, ended up being a trash place
- Literate group, lime stone pieces and papyrus
