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Restoration Ecology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is a novel ecosystem?

A

development of ecosystem that differ in composition and/or function have been completely transformed from the historic system: system may be composed almost entirely o species not formerly native or exhibit different functional properties.

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2
Q

What is a Hybrid system?

A

A system that returns characteristics of the historic system but whose composition or function lies outside the historic range of variability (HRV)

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3
Q

What are examples of abiotic changes?

A

Climate, land usem pollution, urbanization and nutrient loads

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4
Q

What are 3 types of ecosystem services?

A

Provisioning services: resources we depend on (food, fuel, etc)
Regulatory services: benefits that occur to us from ecosystem processes (water pollution, natural hazard reduction, pollination)
Cultural services: recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual use of ecosystem

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5
Q

What is ecological restoration?

A

refers to scientific exploration of ecosystems under repair, including design and implementation, practice of restoring degraded ecological systems

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6
Q

What is an ecosystem service?

A

Conditions and processes through which natural ecosystem and species tha make them up sustain human life

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7
Q

What is restoration?

A

The process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed, aim to achieve semblance of predisturbance state

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8
Q

What is reclamation/rehabilitation?

A

The return of a damaged ecosystem to a productive and socially acceptable condition short of restoration

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9
Q

What is creation?

A

The construction of an ecosystem on a site that has a different type of ecosystem before destruction or damaged occurred

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10
Q

What is abandonment/passive restoration?

A

the process of allowing a damaged ecosystem to recover from disturbance without human intervention

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11
Q

What is mitigation?

A

The attempted alleviation of any or all detrimental effects arising from a given action

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12
Q

What is reforestation/afforestation?

A

The planting of trees, often for timber production, not necessarily native species

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13
Q

List some limitations/constraints of restoring an ecosystem.

A
  • Limited time scale
  • lack of understanding of ecology and ecosystem functioning
  • presence of exotic species
  • cultural values
  • climate change and changing endpoints
  • residual disturbance
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14
Q

What is succession?

A

A regular progression of communties replacing each other on a site until a relatively permanent climax community is established
-ecological succession refers to how communities change through time

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15
Q

What is an r-selected species?

A

early successional, adapted to disturbance, good dispersal capabilities, large numbers of offspring, generalist, shorter lifespan

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16
Q

What is a k-selected species?

A

later successional, better competitors, smaller numbers of offspring with higher survival rates, specialists, longer lifespan

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17
Q

What is Facilitation?

A

When early successional species alter the environment to make it more favorable for the establishment of later successional species - common in highly disturbed ecosystems

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18
Q

What is inhibition?

A

When early successional species alter the environment to make it less favorable for the establishment of later successional species

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19
Q

What is assisted migration or managed translocation?

A

intentionally moving individuals of a species outside their present range in response to changing climatic conditions

20
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

A

Primary succession - community change in a location that has never supported biotic community

Secondary succession - community change in a location where an existing biological community has been disrupted by disturbance

21
Q

What is a disturbance cycle?

A

events such as fires, floods, and windstorms, to the extent that they severely damage or destroy an existing community, are considered to be the inhibitors of successional change

22
Q

What is system resilience?

A

a community is considered to be resilient if it return to normal after a disturbance

23
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

One way a single species may maintain community stability is by acting as a keystone predator, remove the keystone, and the arch (or community) becomes unstable or changes to a different state

24
Q

What is a metapopulation?

A

where multiple populations of an organism occur across a landscape, providing redundancy that may enable the species to survive despite the occasional extirpation of a local population

A set of geographically isolated subpopulation that are interconnected by gene flow and colonization, often consist of one or more core populations that are persistent and a number of satellite populations

25
Q

What is sedimentation?

A

when the flowing water slows enough that it can no longer support its load of suspended material, the soil comes to rest

26
Q

What is the critical zone?

A

The critical zone is the collective term used to describe the portion of the biosphere at the interface of the lithosphere (earth), atmosphere (air), and hydrosphere (water)

27
Q

What is stratification?

A

Exposing seeds to a period of cold temperature moisture to deactivate growing inhibiting hormones

28
Q

What are 4 approaches to faunal restoration?

A
  1. remove existing stress - ex. exotic animals, toxic chemicals, reduce hunting
  2. restoring habitat for certain faunal guilds - ex. trees to encourage birds paving rocks - shelter for reptiles
  3. restoring habitat for specific species - nest hole protectors, and mimicking colony sounds from murres
  4. captive breeding and reintorduction vs translocation - hard vs soft
29
Q

What is endemic?

A

Species that are found nowhere else

30
Q

What are some problems with small populations?

A
  1. low genetic variability - weak and infertile offspring
  2. high demographic stochasticity - br & dr vary naturally
  3. susceptible to environmental stochasticity - small populations more likely to be extricated from disturbance than large populations
  4. low population cannot find mates
31
Q

What are some characteristics of tropical forests?

A
  1. high level of diversity
  2. seasonality determined by rainfall rather than temperature
  3. highly weathered soils
  4. poorly understood
  5. aren’t as stable
32
Q

What is scarification?

A

Breaking down seed coat by mechanical nicking or soaking seeds in acid or hot water

33
Q

What is cation exchange capacity?

A

quantity of cations that can be absorbed by soils is a function of soil texture and chemistry

34
Q

Why do invasive species spread so rapidly?

A

A. well adapted to disturbances: good dispersal abilities, resilience, rapid growth, often vegetatively reproduced
B. lack of natural predator
C. create favorable conditions

35
Q

What are 7 methods to reestablishing vegetation?

A
  1. seeds
  2. topsoil
  3. nursery grown seedlings
  4. transplanted seedlings/wildlings
  5. cuttings, roots, bulbs
  6. mowing/clipping
  7. sods/turves
36
Q

What are strategies for restoring to adjust to climate change?

A
  • Choose genotype that will be adapted to new conditions/extreme
  • diverse set of genotypes and let new conditions select for best adapted
37
Q

What are 7 factors influencing success of reintroductions?

A
  • population size reintroduction
  • source population wild
  • removing the cause of decline
  • soft release vs hard release
  • herbivores
  • long term commitment
  • release into core area
38
Q

Why are invasive species a problem?

A
  1. reduces survival of native species: predation, disease, competition, allelopathy
  2. influence resource supply thereby influencing the community composition
  3. alter disturbance frequencies
  4. crossbreed with natives
  5. reduce agriculture production
39
Q

May lose seeds to:

A

Low germination, seed predation, seedling survival

40
Q

What are some obstacles to restoring in developing countries?

A

Lack of funding, population growth, lack of enforced regulation

41
Q

What are hazardous waste treatments?

A
  1. Bioremediation/phytoremediation - use of microorganisms/fungi to detoxify hazardous chemicals
  2. Chemical transformation
  3. removal: physical removal, thermo (convert into ash), chemical extraction
  4. phytoextraction
42
Q

What are methods for removal of exotic species?

A

Soil sterilization, biological control, physical removal, herbicides:potential negative effects, may develop resistance

43
Q

How are invasive species spread?

A

European colonization, horticulture and agriculture, accidentally, pest control, and erosion control

44
Q

Clement’s view of succession and critiques?

A
  1. Specific sequence of plant comm. occur on given site
  2. each community prepares the site for sequent invaders
  3. at end - stable climax
45
Q

Dunwiddie

A

Boeing - species redundancy ( a good idea)
Microsoft - functional redundancy
Starbucks - connectivity (relate to corridor)

Restoration Ecology (2 decks)

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