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Restoration Ecology > Final review > Flashcards

Final review Flashcards

1
Q

Types of coastal wetlands - adapted to tidal flow and variable salinity gradients?

A
  1. Salt marshes - grasses, sedges, rushes

2. mangroves - trees

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2
Q

Types of freshwater marshes - mineral soil, cattails, sedges, and rushes

A
  1. tidal marshes - near coast
  2. prairie potholes - glacial depression
  3. vernal pools - glacial depressions that are seasonally inundated
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3
Q

Types of forested wetlands - swamps - shrubs and trees

A
  1. bottomland swamps - cypress

2. riparian wetlands

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4
Q

What makes a wetland?

A

Hydrology - tidal, seasonally inundated, continually inundated
Soils - lack oxygen, high organic matter
Vegetation

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5
Q

What are 3 reasons wetlands are important?

A
  1. erosion buffer - along coast, rivers
  2. flood buffer - take up water then release
  3. sediment stabilization
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6
Q

What are 3 stresses for wetlands?

A
  1. climate change - sea level rise
  2. physical - filling, draining, flooding
  3. chemical - nutrient and toxic levels
  4. biological - grazing, invasives
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7
Q

What are three ways to restore wetlands?

A
  1. Reestablish hydrology - dredging, filling, removing dams, dechannelization, increase water flow
  2. reduction of contaminants/nutrients - source reduction, dredging removal
  3. Revegetation - seeding, inoculating soil, sods (germinate seeds in natural fiber mats
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8
Q

What are some major causes for wetland loss?

A
  • barrier island degradation
  • salt water intrusion
  • canals
  • levee system
  • oil and gas development
  • sea level rise
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9
Q

River restoration - what is a culvert?

A

drain or waterway below a road or embankment

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10
Q

River restoration - What is a levee?

A

embankment built along a river to prevent high water from flooding bodering land

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11
Q

River restoration - what is a riprap?

A

stones placed along streambanks to prevent erosion

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12
Q

River restoration - what is sinuosity?

A

stream channel length divided by valley length

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13
Q

River restoration - what is a checkdam?

A

low dam designed to back up or diver water - ex) logs used

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14
Q

What are 3 characteristics of rivers?

A
  1. openess
  2. dynamism - need to restore processes
  3. patchiness
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15
Q

What are 3 stresses on river/streams?

A
  1. Water diversion - domestic use, agriculture
  2. increased flow - due to paving, channelization and deforestation - cause bank to collapse
  3. Dams - altered water flows, altered water quality (temp &oxy), low sediment deposition, impede faunal movements
  4. reduced habitat quality - sunstrate habitat and quality, water depth, temp and light
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16
Q

What are 3 issues with dams?

A
  1. altered water flows
  2. altered water quality
  3. lower sediment deposition
  4. lowered deposition of small rocks for spawning habitat
  5. impede faunal movements
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17
Q

River restoration - List 3 strategy/reasons to restore natural flow rates

A
  1. less water withdrawal
  2. retention ponds or wetlands
  3. dam removal or controlled releases
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18
Q

River restoration - List 2 strategies for species centered restoration

A
  1. fish passageways and ladders

2. reintroduction of fish

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19
Q

River restoration - strategy for reestablishing connection with floodplain caused by stress of changes in channel morphology

A
  • land acquisition, breaching levees, restoring riparian forest
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20
Q

River restoration - strategy to restore river morphology and habitat diversity

A
  1. Heavy machinery - Kissimmee river - see example
  2. instream structures - check dams, stream deflectors, logs, boulders, root wads - ex. Quesena creek (used culvert replacement)
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21
Q

River restoration - List 3 stresses for erosion and water quality and strategies for improvement

A

Stress : altered nutrients, pH acidity, oxygen levels
Strategy :reduce chemical, nutrient and sediment inputs
Strategy wetland or buffer strips: aid in uptake of nonpoint source pollution and flood control

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22
Q

River restoration - Strategy for improving land use practices

A
  1. grazing - fencing, remove cows from streambanks, reduce intensity
  2. logging - selective logging, minimize roads
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23
Q

River restoration - strategy for erosion control

A
  1. riprap - hard engineering

2. establish riparian vegetation - soft engineering (planting)

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24
Q

What was the largest dam removal?

A

Elwha and Glines Canyon dam

25
Q

Primary reason for the
removal of both Elwha and Glines
Canyon Dam

A

Recovery of salmon and steelhead population

26
Q

What do dams provide?

A

hydropower, flood control, water storage, navigation

27
Q

Reasons for Elwha and Glines dam removal

A
  1. cost - too much to relicense, repair vs removal cost
  2. tribal concerns and sacred lands
  3. environment - habitat restoration (salmon/steelhead), fish access to Olympic national park

Only opposition : cost for water treatment plan and 5 year fishing ban, recreation misinformation on flood protection

28
Q

Lake and marine - What is epilimnion?

A

in a thermally stratified lake, it is the upper layer of water

29
Q

Lake and marine - what is metalimnion?

A

the middle layer that is characterized by a sharp change in temperature with depth

30
Q

Lake and marine - what is hypolimnion?

A

the bottom layer, temperature is usually low and uniform

31
Q

Lake and marine - what is oligotrophic?

A

lakes with minimal nutrients

32
Q

Lake and marine - what is mesotrophic?

A

lakes with an intermediate amount of nutrients

33
Q

Lake and marine - what is eutrophic?

A

lakes with abundant nutrients

34
Q

List 3 stresses for lakes

A
  1. eutrophication - caused by increased nutrients from water and air pollution (overabundance phytoplankton, reduced water clarity, low oxy)
  2. siltation/sedimentation - nutrients, water clarity, and depth
  3. water diversion
  4. acidification - low pH and increased solubility of heavy metals (toxic substances, exotic species)
35
Q

List 3 methods for restoring lakes and marine systems

A
  1. reduce nutrient, sediment, contaminant inputs (terrestrial restoration) - waste minimization and treatment & riparian zone mgmt and wetland creation
  2. water level - reduce water diversion
  3. in-lake methods for nutrient reduction - phos inactivation, sediment skimming, deep water discharge, hypolimnetic aeration)
  4. acidification - reduce so2 and NOx emissions
  5. control of exotic plants
36
Q

List 3 methods for marine restoration

A
  1. marine reserves - fisheries mgmt
  2. oil spill clean up - bioremediation
  3. animal translocation and reintroduction
  4. seagrass and kelp forest restoration
37
Q

List 3 stresses for reef loss

A
  1. sediments
  2. boat anchors and other recreational uses
  3. dynamite and cyanide fishing
  4. global warming and ocean acidification
38
Q

List 3 strategies for reef restoration

A
  1. control sediment inputs, marine parks zoning, legislation and boat monitoring
  2. replacing substrate (reef balls, concrete, oyster shells)
  3. transplanting reef fragments onto dead reed or artifical structures
  4. sexual recruits - transplanting colonies, then allow offspring to settle then transplant to spawn
  5. biorock -
39
Q

Planning - what is SMART

A 
Specific 
Measurable
Achievable
Reasonable
Timely
40
Q

What does CRMP stand for and mean?

A

Coordinated resource Management and Planning - process where people with diverse interestes work together to identify natural resource issues, develop plans and implement projects within a given land area ot watershed (local state, federal agencies, city and county planning, env groups, private bus, rec orgs, citizens)

41
Q

What are the four methods for planning

A
  1. consider residual disturbances
  2. select reference system (historical/photos)
  3. collect baseline data for comparison of pre/post treatments
  4. obtain appropriate permits
42
Q

List 3 problems with legislating restoration

A
  1. need to require minimum restorations efforts are made
  2. need adaptive mgmt
  3. very strict legislation can impede restoration and experimentation
  4. time scale to consider
43
Q

List 3 desirable characteristics for legislating restoration

A
  1. monitoring and feedback
  2. require results made available to public and other groups for future projects
  3. regional coordination
  4. peer reviews
  5. cost benefit analysis
  6. public participation
44
Q

List 3 approaches to environmental/restoration legislation and explain them

A
  1. preventative legislation (best option) - pollution control (Clean water & Air act)
  2. Bonding - surface mining control reclamation act 1977, oil pollution control act 1990
  3. Mitigation - avoiding impact, minimizing impact, repairing rehabilitating or restoring, preservation and maintenance operations compensating for impacts, assigning blame
45
Q

What is adaptive management?

A

collecting information and using for internal feedback ad formative assessments

46
Q

What is mitigation banking?

A

advance creation, restoration, enhancement or preservation for the purposes of mitigating unavoidable impacts to land resources elsewhere

47
Q

What are some pros for mitigation banking?

A

Pros:

  1. create larger habitat
  2. easier to evaluate and monitor
  3. habitat creation done by experts
  4. can do creation before destruction
48
Q

What are some cons for mitigation banking?

A

Cons:

  1. make habitat destruction more justifiable
  2. problem of assigning responsibility
  3. created habitats are usually off-site and not in-kind replacement
49
Q

List 3 criteria for NEPA and CEQA

A
  1. “restore and enhance the quality of the human environment and avoid or minimize adverse effects of their actions upon the quality of the human environmental
  2. write an EIR/EIS
  3. often restoration plans require EIR/EIS
50
Q

What is the ESA and list 3 problems associated with it

A

Endangered Species Act - to “take” endangered species (animals only) or their habitat and must write a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) to take actions to not reduce viability of populations

  1. based on minimal science - mitigation often not tested
  2. lont term monitoring and functioning not clear
  3. problem of “no surprises”
51
Q

What is monitoring?

A

Systematic and orderly gathering specific data over a period of time in order to make sure that certain conditions are achieved

52
Q

Characteristics of monitoring procedures

A
  1. simple the better
  2. cost effective
  3. repeatable by different people
  4. provide info on whether objectives were met
53
Q

What is opportunity cost analysis?

A

selecting projects on the basis of the highest benefit: cost ration

54
Q

What is an externality?

A

an action by one actor that influences (positive or negative) another factor but is not factored into the first actors costs or benefits

55
Q

List 3 characteristics/benefits of restoration curricula

A
  1. allow students to ask questions
  2. teach scientific principles through hands on experiments
  3. integrate scientific and social questions
56
Q

List 3 reasons people volunteer

A
  1. experience, required or satisfaction to give back
  2. know community
  3. personal interest
57
Q

List 3 reasons for working with volunteers

A
  1. clear supervision and instructions
  2. review progress
  3. food and time for socializing
58
Q

List the 5 steps collaborative learning

A
  1. define common interest
  2. convene and learn
  3. back to step 1 and step 2
  4. do your part
  5. Social and biological adaptive management

Restoration Ecology (2 decks)

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