Midterm Review Flashcards
All macronutrients
carbs
fat
protein
water
What are nutrients that provide energy?
protein
carbs
fat
alcohol
Recommended dietary allowance
sufficient amount of nutrients to meet requirements of nearly all healthy individuals
Enrichment
process of restoring nutrients removed from food during processing
What type of foods increase salivary flow?
Fibrous foods
What sugar alcohol is anticariogenic?
Xylotol
Diet for someone who has braces?
soft diet, no sticky foods because they will wrap around brackets and cause dental caries
Which form of determining diet history is most accurate?
3 - 7 day food diary
True or False
Eating a variety of foods will help avoid deficiency
True
7 classes of nutrients obtained from foods
carbs fat protein water vitamins minerals fiber
What do fermentable carbs cause?
dental decay
What type of foods can cause dental decay?
sodas, sticky (increase bacterial growth), retentive
Frequency of consuming cariogenic foods?
eating foods with fermentable carbohydrates frequently throughout the day has greatest potential for decay; decrease in pH begins within 2 - 3 min(Stephan curve); low-fat dairy products, 100% fruit juice, and water are preferable beverage alternatives; fruit juice limited to 4 - 6 oz./day
BMI
mathematical calculation using a person’s height and weight to determine weight status and to predict health risks that increase at higher levels of overweight and obesity
Foods with high protein
pork chop, beef, chicken, pinto beans, cheese, cottage cheese, fish, egg, milk, peanut butter, milkshake, rice
True or False
Texture and frequency is important
True
Having a full upper denture can cause what types of problems?
temperature (cannot feel how hot it is)
mechanical problems
loss of taste
Recommendations for xerostomia
softer foods, ice chips, sauces and gravies, biotene
Nutrient dense
containing a high percentage of nutrients in relation to the number of kilocalories provided
Which animal products are high in carbohydrates?
milk/lactose
Why is dietary fiber important
sources of dietary fiber contain other macronutrients (digestible CHO and protein); non digestible (cannot digest and absorb substance - plant cells); soluble or insoluble fiber whether they become viscous in water. Insoluble and soluble have different physiological functions in the body
True or False
Nutrition goals must be realistic and attainable
True
Fortification
process of adding nutrients not present in the natural product or to increase the amount above that in the original product
Monosaccharides vs. polysaccharides
mono: absorbed without further suggestion, simplest carbohydrates, greatest significance in foods and body: glucose, fructose, galactose
poly: contain more than 10 monosaccharides; create cellulose; some are digestive; fiber is largely indigestible by intestinal enzymes in humans
What type of interview process is best for diet planning?
open ended questions (be a good listener!)
BMI for healthy weight
< 25
BMI for overweight
> 25
BMI for obesity
> 30
What is the method for defining healthy weight?
BMI
Adequate intake
average amount of nutrient that appears to maintain a defined nutritional state
Function of carbohydrates
energy, fat storage, conversion to other carbohydrates, conversion to amino acids, protein sparers, gastrointestinal motility, intestinal bacteria
Carbohydrate hyperstate
inadequate intake of foods containing necessary micronutrients (vitamin E, A, C, magnesium), weight gain occurring with amount of sugar intake
Carbohydrate hypostate
protein intake increases, fat intake increases, insufficient intake of B vitamins, iron, and fiber
Function of protein
generation of new body tissues, repair of body tissues, production of essential compounds, regulation of fluid balance, resistance to disease, transport mechanisms, energy, principle source of nitrogen
Essential amino acids
nine indispensable required in the diet
Nonessential amino acids
dispensable amino acids essential for the body, but are not required for normal conditions
Period that you need to consume the highest amount of protein
growth periods, childhood - adolescence, or for maintenance and repair of a larger body mass
Protein hypostate
sarcopenia, protein-energy malnutrition, retardation during development of mandible, smaller salivary glands, delayed eruption and exfoliation of deciduous teeth, epithelium/bone poorly developed, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, kwashiorkor, marasmus
Protein hyperstate
fluid imbalances, generally increases satiety to a greater extent, harmful to kidneys in individuals with preexisting metabolic renal dysfunction
Cholesterol
fatlike, waxy substance classified as a sterol derivative with a complex ring structure
Functions of cholesterol
constituent of the brain, nervous tissue, and bile salts; precursor of vitamin D and steroid hormones; structural component of cell membranes and teeth
True or False
Because the body frequently produces more cholesterol than it absorbs, cholesterol intake is not essential.
True
Lipid hyperstate
obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, fatty infiltration of the liver, certain types of cancer
Lipid hypostate
lose weight, depleting subcutaneous fat stores needed to maintain body temperature
clinical symptoms can occur in patients with cystic fibrosis, AIDS
Catabolism
splitting complex substances into simpler substances
Anabolism
using absorbed nutrients to build or synthesize more complex compounds
Organ that removes waste
kidneys
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
energy required for involuntary physiological functions to maintain life
Type of person to have high BMR
stimulations by fright, excitement, or joy; fever
Type of person to have low BMR
fasting/starvation, state of health, temperature
Vitamin A sources
organ meats, milk, cheese, butter, eggs, oil, fortified foods, yellow, orange, and green leafy veggies
Fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K
Water-soluble vitamin
B-complex, and C
Vitamin A deficiency
inadequate dietary intake, degeneration of epithelial cells in the eye and cessation of tear secretion; xerophthalmia; inability to produce mucus; xeroderma; follicular hyperkeratosis; enamel hypoplasia
Vitamin D sources
sunlight, oily fish, OJ, yogurt
Vitamin D deficiency
asthma, cancer, CHD, hypertension, affecting skeletal structure, rickets, periodontitis, osteomalacia, cancer/cardiovascular risks
Vitamin E sources
vegetable oils, whole-grain or fortified cereals; wheat germ; nuts; green leafy vegetables; fruits
Vitamin E deficiency
subsequent decline in physical function
Vitamin C sources
citrus fruits, juices, cantaloupe, green and red peppers, broccoli, kiwi, strawberries, tomatoes
Vitamin C deficiency
changes in ameloblasts and odontoblasts (during tooth development), resulting in scorbutic changes; pulp atrophies and is hyper emetic; dentine deposits completely cease; gingivitis
Conditions that decrease calcium absorption
age, postmenopausal women
Calcium-to-phosphorus ratio
levels of calcium and phosphorus inversely related; acts as a protective mechanism to prevent high combined concentrations, which can lead to calcification of soft tissue and stone formation; sufficient phosphorus intake is necessary to decrease calcium loss; 1:1 ratio
Magnesium hyperstate
no evidence of harmful effects; high dose acts like laxative
Magnesium hypostate
neuromuscular dysfunction, personality changes, disorientation, muscle spasms, seizures, tremors, anorexia, nausea, hypoplasia of the enamel and dentin during development
Fluoride hyperstate
adverse effects on skeletal tissue and kidney function
Fluoride hypostate
dental caries
Copper hyperstate
wilson disease (large amounts of copper accumulate in liver, kidney, brain, cornea)
Copper hypostate
profound effects on bones, brain, arteries, decreased hair and skin pigmentation; hematological abnormalities (low WBC); lesions within connective tissues/bone - failure to grow, osteoporosis, arthritis
Chromium hypostate
decreased insulin sensitivity, impaired glucose intolerance, neuropathy, elevated plasma free fatty acid concentration
Molybdenum hypostate
has not been documented in the United States
Boron hypostate
affects mineral metabolism; patients with disturbed mineral disorders of unknown etiology (osteoporosis) may be deficient in boron
Avoid _____ if you have sensitivity to tin
stannous fluoride
Stannous
chemical term for tin
Lead ingestion
lead ingested from toddlers’ normal hand-to-hand activities; in older children, paling with dirt or lead contaminated objects may result in lead ingestion; cannot be readily detected
Too many carbs/protein/fat can lead to
increased adipose tissue
Cholecystokinin
(bile) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein.
LDL
lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout your body, delivering it to different organs and tissues
HDL
act as cholesterol scavengers, picking up excess cholesterol in your blood and taking it back to your liver where it’s broken down
