Midterm review Flashcards
Anthropology
The study of humans
Archeology
The study of the human past from material remains
Cultural Anthropology
The study of the diversity of living societies. Often based on researchers who spend time and observe.
Biological Anthropology
The study of human evolution and physiology
Linguistic Anthropology
The study of world languages
Hominin
Species in human evolution that is more closely related to people then monkeys.
Material Culture
Physical products of culture
Indigenous Archeology
A form of archeology that indigenous groups participate in directly
Artifact
Any portable object made, used, or modified by humans
NAGPRA
1990 law to assess the cultural affiliation of Native American artifacts.
DNA
The molecule that carries genetic instructions from parents to there offspring’s.
GIS
software-based system for the storage of data held in different layers
GPS
worldwide navigation system
Lidar
airborne remote sensing technique that sends pulses of lasers to the ground, and measuring how long it takes to come back up
Three-age system
Classification system for the sequence of technological periods. bronze age
Dating
helps determine age of artifact
Stratigraphy
the successive deposition of superimposed layers of natural or cultural material
Radiocarbon Dating
based on the radioactive decay of the isotope carbon-14
Dendrochronology
absolute data method based on counting the rings of trees
Palynology
the study of microscopic plant and animal remains, including pollen, spores, and plankton
Lower paleolithic
Middle paleolithic
Upper paleolithic
Neanderthals
Denisovans
ocher
Used as pigments for paintings and potery
midden
a concentration of artifacts and food remains, in places where marine resources are a primary element
Neanderthal DNA
The modern human genome include an average of 2 percent neanderthal DNA
Blombos cave-south africa
Has earliest convincing evidence of art and shell jewlrey
Mousterian stone tools
Peopling of Australia
Sunda
the continuous landmass formed by island Indonesia and Borneo during periods of low sea level
Sahul
The continuous landmass formed by Australia and new Guinea in periods of low sea level
Aurignacian
an archeological culture located in Europe and Southeast Asia, which lasted between 47,000 and 41,000years ago
Gravettian
Solutrean
tools made with flint. leaf shaped- europe
Chauvet Cave
southeast france walls covered in art like the bear art- may be the earliest evidence of art in europe
Hohle fels cave
women figures
Atlatl
a spearthrower
Burin
a stone flake or blade with chisel like edges
Female Figurines
present through European upper paleolithic- symbol of women hood
microlithic
small, standardize stone blade
agriculture
the system in which selected species of plants and animals are cultivated and reared by humans.
domestication
a process that involves genetic changes to plants and animals as they become dependent on humans for reproductive success
cultivation
a cultural phenomenon that involves intentionally preparing fields, harvesting, and sorting seeds
herding
intentional changes in the relationship between humans and animals
rachis
the tiny stalk that connects the cereal grain to the ear in plants such as, wheat, maize, and other plants
why agriculture?
helped human health and hunter and gathers were constantly threatened by starvation
domestication around the world
adoption by hunter-gatherers
consequences of agriculture
settlement, social satisfaction, material culture, increase in human populations
Natufians
13,000-9600 BCE, live in permanent settlements
Neolithic Revolution
over a period of time human society was changed at a pace
Abu Hureyra
the transition from foraging to farming- storage rooms
Gobekli Tepe
had religious structures, communal buildings
Catalhoyuk
one of the largest neolithic settlements in southwest asia- packed tight with housing, it brought other communities all togehter
Jericho
Monolith
cities and states
after the development of agriculture allowed denser populations, in certain regions those populations became even more dense creating cities and states
Teotihuacan
a sacred cave in Mexico below the period of the sun
Uruk the first city
Major eanna kullaba temple complexes in Iraq
Mesopotamia
around 3500 BCE is known to have some of the first developed cities
Halaf period
The remains are found from western Iran to northern Iraq and Syria. circular buildings, high quality pottery, female figurines.
Dry farming
farming without the use of irrigation, in areas where normal rainfall is sufficient for cultivation
Ubaid period
contemporary with the Halaf period, early use of irrigation agriculture
Eridu
Southern Iraq- sequence of temples dedicated to the water god
Seals
a stone object carved with a design that is impressed into a lump of clay
Ziggurats
in southwest asia, a high platform surmounted by a small temple
Cuneiform
a form of script used in southwest Asia durring the bronze age and early iron age. earliest known writing
Cylinder seals
used to make an impression in clay
Sumerian
2900-2350 BCE- first written sources of kings.
Ur
a Mesopotamian city. cemetary of Ur with artifacts of gold and silver
Babylon
2300 BCE rise of empires. ancient city
Akkadian
an ancient language spoken in Mesopotamia
Mehrgrah
the earliest known center of agriculture in South Asia
Neolithic in south asia/ india
Indus river cities
very little evidence of social hierarchy no places of elite burials
Mohenjo-Daro
the largest city in the indus river- well planned urban settlement
collapse of Indus cities
explained as the result of the movement of groups from outside, destroying cities and introducing their own alien cultural packages.
