final review Flashcards
1
Q
Australia
A
Arrived during last ice age 60,000-55,000 years ago.
2
Q
Melanesia
A
Also known as New Guinea spread Lapita culture. South of the equator.
3
Q
Micronesia
A
North of the equator.
4
Q
Polynesia
A
Defined rank in terms of closeness of descent
5
Q
Tasmania
A
Island off the south of Australlia. Most famous change was almost no more fishing after 1800 BCE
6
Q
Lake Mungo
A
Durring the Pleistocene there were interconnected lakes the most famous is Lake Mungo
7
Q
Bass Strait
A
Seperation of Australlia and Tasmania by a huge bass stait
8
Q
Kuk
A
A site that reveals evidence for the transition to agriculture. Drainage ditches, wooden digging sticks, and forest clarence from 7000 BCE. Taro and bananas.
9
Q
Rapa Nui
A
Also known as Easter Island populated by 1200 BCE. Massive stone structures called moai.
10
Q
Rock art- Arnhem Land
A
Rock art showing battle scenes
11
Q
Rainbow Serpent
A
Rock art showing the emergence of a creature in the ocean during rising sea levels.
12
Q
Oceania
A
a vast geographical region encompassing Australia, New Zealand, and the numerous islands of the Pacific Ocean, traditionally divided into the subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia
13
Q
Obsidian
A
Red slipped pottery was found with obsidian in Malaysia and imported from New Britain east of New Guinea. Represents one of the longest-distance transfers of any neolithic community.
14
Q
Lapita Pottery
A
Tooth like stamped pottery.
15
Q
Settlement of Polynesia
A
involved a series of voyages from the Lapita culture, originating in Taiwan, who migrated eastward and settled remote islands in the Pacific Ocean, with the most distant islands like Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand being settled later, around 1200-1300 CE.
16
Q
why migrate?
A
Looking for new islands for agriculture or other resources
17
Q
Indigenous Archeology in Hawaii
A
First settled in 1100 CE. Recognition of growing native voice and archeologists increase there engagement with Haywain natives.
18
Q
African rock art
A
Can be read in different ways and can be hard to date. Showed antelope known as eland.
19
Q
Bantu expansion
A
Transformed human societies in Africa. Beginning before 1000 BCE. Introduced languages and pottery.
20
Q
Nile Valley
A
The beginnings of sedimentation among some hunter-gather communities.
21
Q
Mermide
A
At Merimde on the western side of the Nile Delta, village dwellers were making pottery, cultivating barley, emmer wheat, and flax, and keeping cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs from about 5000 BCE.
22
Q
Ancient Egypt
A
Lower Nile is now Egypt. Because of the rain the population was able to expand.
23
Q
Predynastic period
A
the time before the establishment of the first dynasty (around 3100 BCE) and encompasses the development of cultures and societies in the Nile Valley,
24
Q
Narmer Palette
A
dating to 3000 BCE. Ceremonial slate pallet appears to record the early kingship that brought together upper and lower Egypt.
25
Old kingdom
Djoser first king of old kingdom. A time of economic prosperity and political stability.
26
Saqqara
Step pyramid, oldest stone building of its size in the world.
27
Thebes
served as the capital and place of residence for many important and influential rulers
28
New Kingdom
A series of powerful pharaohs not only held the state together, but at times also extended its control further up the Nile and further into Southwest Asia.
29
Amenhotep IV
replace traditional beliefs with a new religion based on the worship of one god
30
Tutankhamun
Amenhoteps son reverted to previous practices
31
Orgins of African ironworks
first large scale metal working in sub suharan africa. The earliest dates of smelting were in different areas such as Do Dimmi in Niger, Walaldé in Senegal, Taruga and Opi in Nigeria, and Otumbi in Gabon
32
Great Zimbabwe
Stone ruins from 1100 CE
33
Beringia
A landmass that bridged Northeast Asia to Alaska
34
Ice-free corridor
Went through an ice free corridor in the Rockies.
35
Microblade
small stone blade often made of flint, obsidian, or quartz
36
Paisley caves
Located in central Oregon, the Paisley Caves are a series of hollows in the low basalt hills on the margin of a now-vanished Pleistocene lake
37
Meadowcroft Rock shelter
longest-occupied site in the Americas, Meadowcroft is located in Washington County, Pennsylvania and is thought to have been first occupied soon after the Last Glacial Maximum
38
Clovis
The Clovis archaeological culture first appears around 13,400 years ago, and within 300 to 500 years its traces are found throughout unglaciated North America as far south as Panama. Clovis, New Mexico, a large one-time spring-fed pond rich in animal fossils and artifacts. Spread quickly
39
Folsom
The site of Folsom, New Mexico, was excavated from 1926–28 following decades of often bitter dispute over whether humans were in the Americas during the Ice Age or whether they arrived in North America much more recently.
40
Monte Verde
Located in Chile along Chinchihuapi Creek and excavated from 1977 to 1985 [14.6, 14.7], Monte Verde is exceptional for its preservation, and was one of the first sites designated as pre-Clovis to be widely accepted.
41
Nenana Complex
the oldest part of the Paleo-Arctic Tradition found in cultural stratigraphic layers dating from 11,800 to 11,000 BP
42
Genetics and first Americans
By the 1990's it was apparent that indigenous people came from Asian communities.
43
Coastal Migration Route
open earlier then the ice free route
44
Megafauna
large animals such as mammoths
45
Pleistocene extinction
The end of the Pleistocene saw the extinction of thirty-eight genera of mammals in North America, and fifty-two mammalian genera in South America
46
Archaic Period
Human responses to this new environment mark the beginning of the Archaic Period. During the early postglacial epoch, people of the Early Archaic period continued their well-established mobile way of life.
47
Watson Break
One of the earliest mounds. Found in Louisiana. Construction began as early as 3500 BCE
48
Woodland Period
domesticated plants, including squash, chenopod, and sunflower, all native crops, were in use across much of the Midwest and mid-South. This, along with other social changes, marked the beginning of the Woodland period
49
Adena
a group responsible for building mounds seen in Ohio. Built in ritually significant places.
50
Hopwell
site consists of 40 mounds, obsidian bifaces, copper artifacts like the hand.
51
Transition to agriculture in North America
The prehistoric farmers of the Sonoran Desert, Arizona, also managed the flow of water that originated in faraway mountains
52
Long Distance Trade
Many different artifacts found like obsidian from Yellowstone
53
Mounds, different kinds of mounds
often built in stages
54
Cahokia
Largest monks mound found in illinois. 100 feet tall
55
Mississippian period
burials, community buildings, and houses for the elite
56
Southwest
57
Hohokam
prehistoric Native American culture that thrived in the Sonoran Desert of what is now southern Arizona, from roughly 300 BCE to 1450 CE, known for their advanced irrigation systems and distinctive pottery.
58
Snaketown
Excavations at the large site of Snaketown, Arizoia, on the Gila River valley provide some of the best insights into this period.
59
Wattle and daub
a historical building technique where a woven framework of wood (wattle) is plastered with a mixture of mud, clay, and straw (daub) to create walls.
60
Ball courts
go back to 700 CE. 20 to 85 meters
61
Adobe
dried mud, often mixed with straw
62
Pueblo villages on Colorado Plateau
Starting around 750 CE, architecture changed from semi-subterranean pithouses to above-ground pueblos.
63
Great Kiva
Some early villages included an exceptionally sized building that archaeologists refer to as a “great kiva,” which was probably an important focus of village life.
64
Chaco Canyon
several examples contained hundreds of rooms and reached four stories in height
65
Pueblo Bonito
The largest great house is Pueblo Bonito, which had more than 600 rooms covering 0.8 hectares
66
Chocolate at pueblo bonito
Cacao (chocolate) residue was discovered by the archaeologists Patricia Crown and Jeffrey Hurst in fragments of cylinder jars from Pueblo Bonito dating between c. 1000 and 1125 CE.
67
Cliff dwellings
homes built by the Ancestral Puebloans (also known as Anasazi) along the sides of or under the overhangs of cliffs
68
Mesa Verde
over 4,700 archaeological sites including 600 cliff dwellings and the mesa top sites of pithouses, pueblos, masonry towers, and farming structures
69
Pacific Northwest
the best-known North American examples of complex societies of hunter-gatherer-fishers
70
Ozette
A most remarkable excavation came about when parts of houses and other artifacts washed out of a bank after a storm struck Washington’s Olympic Peninsula coast in 1970
71
Dorset and Thule cultures
The inhabitants of the eastern Arctic at that time are known as Dorset. A later Thule expansion eastward across the treeless Arctic perhaps began around 1000 CE. Thule did fishing and were mobile.
72
Native Americans and Colonialism
Native cultures were irrevocably changed following the arrival of Europeans in North America half a millennium ago.
73
Gulf coast
74
Olmec
culture known for stone heads and sophisticated art
75
San Lorenzo
known for oldest known center of olmec civilization. found 10 stone heads
76
La Venta
rose after San Lorenzo. pyrimid over 33 meters high
77
Monte Alban
its urban population subsequently declined slightly, and other communities in the Valley of Oaxaca asserted more autonomy. By 700 CE, Monte Albán’s population had probably reached 25,000 people. About that time, a severe decline is signaled by the cessation of large-scale construction and much reduced ritual activity in the Main Plaza.
78
Mexican Highlands
79
Maya
The Maya are the best known of all Mesoamerican cultures, dominating the Yucatán Peninsula.
80
Aztec
By 1519, the Aztec empire dominated some 400 previously independent polities over an area of about 200,000 square kilometers (77,226 square miles)
81
Tikal
one of the largest Classic centers in the Maya lowlands.
81
Teotihuacan
substantial urban center with 20,000 people. after a few centuries held 80,000 people. ended with extensive burning and deliberate destruction.
82
Copan
a significant archaeological site of the Maya civilization located in western Honduras, near the border with Guatemala. extensive carvings and architecture.
83
Chichen Itza
According to Maya chronicles, Chichén Itzá was the greatest of all Postclassic capitals.
84
Tenochtitlan
the largest and most complex city in the Americas—a worthy successor to Teotihuacán and Tula.
85
Maize, gourds, squash
a central source of food, but also one that had ideological and spiritual significance. Seasonal rituals of sacrifice and renewal followed the life cycle of the maize plant
86
San Jose Mogote
a large dispersed village, but other early agricultural communities in the Oaxaca Valley were smaller and seem to have been politically autonomous.
87
Colossal heads
San Lorenzo, including ten of the trademark colossal stone heads
88
Codex
manuscript book, especially of Scripture, early literature, or ancient mythological or historical annals
89
Writings and calendars
originated in more then one place at different times. written onto stelae, altars, thrones, tombs, building facades, and other architectural elements
90
Classic Maya
Much of the Maya heartland is in the rainforest. The Maya developed in the lowlands region in the Yucatán Peninsula.
91
Palenque
King Pakal’s capital of Palenque
92
Pakal
Maya ruler who built temples
93
Toltecs
known for their advanced culture, architecture, and influence on later civilizations like the Aztecs.
94
Cortez
overthrew the Aztec empire (1519–21) and won Mexico for the crown of Spain.
95
Triple Alliance
formed in 1428, was a military and political pact between the city-states of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan, which allowed them to dominate central Mexico and expand their influence across Mesoamerica.
96
Templo Mayor
At the center of Tenochtitlán was a great enclosure, the Templo Mayor Precinct. the most extravagant human sacrifices took place to ensure rain, energize the sun, and guarantee military success.
97
Spanish Conquest
in May 1520, hostilities broke out, and Motecuzóma was killed. In the most damaging defection, Texcoco (one state of the Triple Alliance) turned on its former imperial partner. Tenochtitlán fell to the Spaniards and their allies in August 1521.
98
Andean Highlands
The Andes mountain range runs along the west of South America.
99
Transition to agriculture South America
only a small number of varieties of indigenous domesticated animals
100
Chavin de Huantar
circular and rectangular sunken courts were built at Chavín de Huántar
101
Moche
a unified state with its capital at the twin mounds of the Temple of the Sun and the Temple of the Moon in the Moche Valley
102
Nazca Lines
contemporary with Moche, the Nazca culture flourished c. 200 BCE–650 CE in its namesake valley. Known for polychrome decoration
103
Geoglyhps
a drawing or image made in the ground
104
Tiwanaku
use of new technologies and materials for the architecture, pottery, textiles, metals, and basket-making
105
Chimor
prosperous Chimor elites resided in spacious walled compounds with interior facilities for receiving their subjects and entertaining other important people.
106
Chan Chan
a densely packed civic center that covered 6 square kilometers
107
Cuzco
the center of the Inka universe
108
Inkas
known for its impressive engineering, agriculture, and complex social structure
109
Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu is a masterwork of Inka engineering and architecture that began with artificially leveling the hilltop and terracing the hillsides, and culminated in fine-cut stone buildings frequented by the nobility and their retainers.
110
Khipu
a method of record keeping expressed by knots and colored strings
111
Inka masonry
At the royal Inka compound of Ollantaytambo in the Sacred Valley, massive polygonal blocks were individually carved into unique shapes to fit with similarly irregular adjacent blocks of stone.
