Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT a typical age-related change in the somatosensory system?

A) Decreased sensitivity to tactile stimuli
B) Increased sensitivity to taste
C) Alterations in kinesthetic sensitivity
D) Changes in the peripheral nervous system affecting sensation

A

B) Increased sensitivity to taste

EXPLAINATION:
Somatosensory changes
■ Decline in sensitivity to tactile stimuli
■ Temperature sensitivity
■ Alterations in kinesthetic sensitivity
■ Alterations in peripheral nervous system
■ Functional implications
● Safety - increased risk of injury
● Diminished fine motor skills

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2
Q

Mrs. Johnson, a 68-year-old woman, visits the clinic with complaints about her vision. She reports difficulty reading small print, especially in low light conditions, and has noticed that bright lights often cause discomfort. She also finds it challenging to adjust her eyes when moving from a bright environment to a dim one. Upon examination, it is noted that Mrs. Johnson’s eyes show signs of presbyopia.

Question:
Which of the following age-related visual changes is Mrs. Johnson likely experiencing based on her symptoms?

A) Reduced visual acuity and increased glare sensitivity
B) Increased ability to accommodate/focus and decreased glare sensitivity
C) Enhanced adjustment to changes in illumination and improved color sensitivity
D) Increased flexibility of the lens and improved near vision

A

A) Reduced visual acuity and increased glare sensitivity

Visual changes
■ Reduced visual activity
■ Decreased ability to accomodate/focus
■ Decreased ability to adjust to changes in illumination
■ Decreased resistance to glare
■ Changes in color sensitivity
■ Presbyopia - farsightedness, lens becomes harder and inflexible; increased rigidity

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3
Q

Mr. Smith, a 75-year-old man, reports having trouble hearing conversations, especially in noisy environments. He mentions that he often has to ask people to repeat themselves and finds it particularly hard to hear higher-pitched voices. He also notices that some sounds seem muffled and that distinguishing different tones is more challenging than it used to be. His audiologist has diagnosed him with presbycusis.

Question:

Based on Mr. Smith’s symptoms, which of the following characteristics is most likely associated with his condition?

A) Improved speech reception and understanding in noisy environments

B) Difficulty hearing low frequencies and enhanced pitch discrimination

C) Reduced ability to hear high frequencies and diminished pitch/tone threshold

D) Primarily conductive hearing loss with better reception in quiet settings

A

C) Reduced ability to hear high frequencies and diminished pitch/tone threshold

Reason:
Hearing
■ Presbycusis - age-related hearing loss
■ Difficulty hearing high frequencies
■ Diminished ability for pitch/tone threshold
■ Most age-related hearing loss is sensorineural
■ Interferes with ability to interact with environment (social and physical)
● Diminished speech reception, discrimination, and understanding

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4
Q

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with age-related changes in the vestibular system, such as those seen in presbyastasis?

A) Loss of receptor organs and structures in the inner ear

B) Increased postural sway and a wide-based gait

C) Enhanced equilibrium reactions and improved balance control

D) Unsteadiness in standing and walking

A

C) Enhanced equilibrium reactions and improved balance control

Reason:
Vestibular System
■ Loss of receptor organs and structures - saccules, utricles, semicircular canals
■ Increased postural sway, wide based gait
■ Unsteadiness in standing/walking
■ Alterations in righting and equilibrium reactions
■ Presbyastasis - age related disequilibrium

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5
Q

Quiz Question:

Scenario:

Mr. Thompson, an 80-year-old man, reports that food tastes less flavorful and he has difficulty tasting sweet foods. He also experiences a persistent mild metallic taste in his mouth, which may be due to his medications. His doctor notes a reduction in the number of taste buds and decreased saliva production.

Question:

Which of the following factors is least likely contributing to Mr. Thompson’s altered taste perception?

A) Decreased number of papillae and taste buds

B) Increased sensitivity to sweet substances

C) Atrophy of neurons in taste centers

D) Decreased saliva flow

A

Correct Answer:

B) Increased sensitivity to sweet substances

Taste
■ Overall decrease in taste perception
■ Decreased sensitivity to sweet substances
■ Related to decrease number of papillae and taste buds
■ Atrophy of neurons in taste centers
■ Mild dysgeusia -chronic taste in mouth due to dental problems; may also be due to
medications, diseases
■ Decreased saliva flow

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6
Q

As individuals age, multiple changes can occur in their cognitive functions due to various structural changes in the brain. Identify the structural changes and their functional consequences commonly associated with aging.

Options:

Structural Changes:

A. Increase atrophy
B. Increase dystrophy
C. Increase edema
D. All of the above
Functional Consequences:

A. Decrease in accuracy
B. Decrease in speed
C. Decrease in range
D. Decrease in endurance
E. Decrease in coordination
F. Decrease in stability
G. Decrease in strength
H. All of the above

A

Both answers are All of the above

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7
Q

Age-Related System Changes and Their Impact on Function and Occupations:

Match the factors with their potential impact on the function and occupations of older adults.

Options:

A. Genetics
B. Environmental factors and exposure
C. Injuries
D. Personality and attitude
E. Lifestyle
F. Advances in medicine

  1. Improved management of age-related conditions and enhanced quality of life
  2. Influence on adaptability and coping with aging
  3. Impact on physical health and well-being based on habits like diet and exercise
  4. Predisposition to certain diseases
  5. Potential decrease in mobility and independence
  6. Risk of chronic illnesses due to long-term exposure to pollutants
A

Answer Key:

A4: Genetics - Predisposition to certain diseases

B6: Environmental factors and exposure - Risk of chronic illnesses due to long-term exposure to pollutants

C5: Injuries - Potential decrease in mobility and independence

D2: Personality and attitude - Influence on adaptability and coping with aging

E3: Lifestyle - Impact on physical health and well-being based on habits like diet and exercise

F1: Advances in medicine - Improved management of age-related conditions and enhanced quality of life

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common geriatric syndrome that impact their occupational performance and participation?

○ Incontinence
○ Falls
○ Dementia
○ Malnutrition
○ Functional decline

A

All of the above is a geriatric syndrome

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9
Q

Which statement best describes the difference between screening and evaluation?

A. Screening is a detailed and comprehensive assessment of an individual’s condition, while evaluation is a quick check to determine if there is a need for further examination.

B. Screening is a preliminary process that takes little time to identify individuals who may need further evaluation or intervention, while evaluation is a thorough and detailed examination of an individual’s condition and needs.

C. Screening and evaluation are terms used interchangeably in healthcare, both referring to a detailed assessment of an individual’s health status.

D. Screening is used to diagnose conditions, while evaluation is used to confirm a diagnosis and develop a treatment plan.

A

B. Screening is a preliminary process that takes little time to identify individuals who may need further evaluation or intervention, while evaluation is a thorough and detailed examination of an individual’s condition and needs.

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10
Q

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a descriptive evaluation in the context of healthcare or therapeutic services?

A. A descriptive evaluation focuses on providing a general overview of an individual’s health without distinguishing specific characteristics.

B. The primary aim of a descriptive evaluation is to gather information that describes the unique characteristics of an individual, differentiates between persons on specific characteristics being measured, and identifies issues that merit intervention, including determining specific problems in areas of impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction.

C. Descriptive evaluation is primarily used to diagnose medical conditions and establish a treatment plan.

D. A descriptive evaluation solely assesses the environmental factors affecting an individual’s health, without considering personal characteristics.

A

B. The primary aim of a descriptive evaluation is to gather information that describes the unique characteristics of an individual, differentiates between persons on specific characteristics being measured, and identifies issues that merit intervention, including determining specific problems in areas of impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction.

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11
Q

Which statement best describes a predictive assessment?

Options:

A. Focuses on identifying current traits without any intention of forecasting future outcomes.

B. Are used primarily to gather detailed descriptions of current characteristics, without making any predictions about future traits or criteria.

C. Includes items related to a specific characteristic to forecast another trait. Items on a predictive measure are included if they describe the characteristic of interest and predict the trait or criterion of interest, either now or in the future.

D. The primary purpose is to diagnose conditions and establish immediate treatment plans.

A

C. Includes items related to a specific characteristic to forecast another trait. Items on a predictive measure are included if they describe the characteristic of interest and predict the trait or criterion of interest, either now or in the future.

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12
Q

True or False: Outcome evaluation is to ascertain how a particular intervention has affected the individual.

A

True

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13
Q

When assessing functional performance in older adults, which of the following areas are important to evaluate to gain a comprehensive understanding of their abilities and needs?

A. Exercise capacity and tolerance, functional mobility, cognition, and observed performance in multiple domains of physical function.

B. A person’s usual or actual performance of mobility, overall functioning and disability, performance difficulties in self-care, productivity, and leisure areas, and the roles that are important sources of activity for older adults.

C. Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), home safety, and observed performance in multiple domains of physical function.

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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13
Q

Which of the following are needed consideration to guide an assessment of functional performance?

○ Performance-based vs. Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs)
○ Standardized vs. functional assessment in patient’s home
○ Complex vs. Simple
○ Global vs. Multidimensional
○ Generic vs. Diagnosis-specific
○ Time to implement scale
○ Training and certification (if needed)
○ Cost
○ Computer-administration and scoring vs. paper-pencil
○ Fixed versus computer adaptive testing (from a pool of items)

A

All of the above

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14
Q

When assessing functional performance in older adults, which environmental factors related to sensory changes should be considered to ensure accurate and optimal assessment conditions?

Options:

A. Ensure that the lighting in the assessment environment is dim to reduce glare and create a calming atmosphere.

B. Provide written materials in small print and with minimal color contrast to minimize distractions.

C. Minimize background noise in the environment and ensure that written materials are in large print and in a contrasting color with the background, and ensure adequate lighting.

D. Conduct assessments in a busy and noisy environment to simulate real-life conditions.

A

Answer:

C. Minimize background noise in the environment and ensure that written materials are in large print and in a contrasting color with the background, and ensure adequate lighting.

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15
Q

In assessing functional performance in older adults considering sensory changes, which practices should be followed to ensure effective communication and proper use of aids?

Options:

A. The assessor should sit behind the client to avoid distractions and use minimal verbal communication. The client should not use any prescribed aids during the assessment.

B. The assessor should face the client, use clear verbal communication, and ensure the client is using prescribed aids such as glasses or hearing aids.

C. The assessor should speak loudly and ensure the client is seated away from them. The client’s use of prescribed aids is not necessary.

D. The assessor should use complex terminology and avoid making eye contact with the client. The use of prescribed aids should be monitored but not required.

A

B. The assessor should face the client, use clear verbal communication, and ensure the client is using prescribed aids such as glasses or hearing aids.

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16
Q

Which of the following statements best describes how fatigue can impact the functional performance and assessment of older adults?

Options:

A. Fatigue is a self-perceived concept that may lead to increased participation in physical activities, including walking and daily living tasks.

B. Fatigue is a self-perceived concept that can manifest as decreased participation in physical functioning activities such as walking or activities of daily living, potentially affecting the ability to participate in functional assessments.

C. Fatigue is a physical condition that improves functional performance and does not affect participation in functional assessments.

D. Fatigue is irrelevant to functional assessments as it does not influence mobility, activities of daily living, or upper extremity function.

A

B. Fatigue is a self-perceived concept that can manifest as decreased participation in physical functioning activities such as walking or activities of daily living, potentially affecting the ability to participate in functional assessments.

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17
Q

How does mild cognitive impairment affect an older adult’s ability to complete activities, and what should be considered when assessing cognitive and functional abilities?

A. Mild cognitive impairment generally does not affect an older adult’s ability to complete activities such as managing medications or banking, and limitations in functional abilities always indicate cognitive impairment.

B. Mild cognitive impairment can make it difficult for older adults to complete activities with higher cognitive demands, such as banking or managing medications. However, limitations in functional abilities do not necessarily imply that the older adult has cognitive impairment.

C. Mild cognitive impairment exclusively affects physical abilities, with no impact on activities requiring higher cognitive functions.

D. Limitations in functional abilities are always due to cognitive impairment, regardless of the nature of the tasks being performed.

A

B. Mild cognitive impairment can make it difficult for older adults to complete activities with higher cognitive demands, such as banking or managing medications. However, limitations in functional abilities do not necessarily imply that the older adult has cognitive impairment.

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18
Q

When conducting assessments for older adults, which factors related to education and caregiver support should be considered to ensure an accurate and effective evaluation?

A. Assessments should be conducted regardless of the individual’s level of education, and caregiver support is not a relevant factor in the evaluation.

B. Assessments must be tailored to the individual’s level of education, including reading comprehension, and both the need for caregiver support and the level of available support must be considered.

C. Assessments should only consider the level of caregiver support available, while the individual’s education level does not impact the evaluation.

D. Education and caregiver support are irrelevant in assessments, as the focus should be solely on the physical abilities of the individual.

A

B. Assessments must be tailored to the individual’s level of education, including reading comprehension, and both the need for caregiver support and the level of available support must be considered.

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19
Q

Which statement accurately defines what constitutes a fall, based on the definition provided by Tinetti et al. (1988)?

Options:

A. A fall is an unintentional event where a person comes to rest on the ground or another lower level, excluding instances caused by a violent blow, seizure, stroke, loss of consciousness (LOC), or syncope.

B. A fall includes any event where a person deliberately sits or lays down on the ground, regardless of the cause.

C. A fall is defined as a trip or stumble that results in a person reaching a lower level without catching themselves.

D. A fall is when a person intentionally lowers themselves to the ground due to a major intrinsic event, such as a stroke or syncope.

A

A. A fall is an unintentional event where a person comes to rest on the ground or another lower level, excluding instances caused by a violent blow, seizure, stroke, loss of consciousness (LOC), or syncope.

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20
Q

Which of the following complications and sequelae are commonly associated with falls in older adults?

Options:

A. Increased mortality, fractures (especially distal forearm and hip), head trauma, musculoskeletal injuries (including soft tissue injuries and skin tears), and risk of “long lies.”

B. Only increased mortality and head trauma are associated with falls, with no risk of fractures or musculoskeletal injuries.

C. Falls primarily result in only minor skin abrasions and do not lead to fractures or increased mortality.

D. The complications of falls in older adults are limited to psychological effects and do not include physical injuries or increased risk of mortality.

A

A. Increased mortality, fractures (especially distal forearm and hip), head trauma, musculoskeletal injuries (including soft tissue injuries and skin tears), and risk of “long lies.”

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21
Q

Which of the following describes intrinsic risk factors for falls in older adults?

Options:

A. Intrinsic risk factors are external environmental conditions, such as slippery floors or poor lighting.

B. Intrinsic risk factors focus only on the type of footwear worn and do not consider balance or medical conditions.

C. Intrinsic risk factors are limited to psychological factors, such as fear of falling, and do not include physical or medical conditions.

D. Intrinsic risk factors are internal to older adults and include medical conditions and significant balance risks

A

D. Intrinsic risk factors are internal to older adults and include medical conditions

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22
Q

Which statement accurately describes extrinsic risk factors for falls in older adults?

A. Extrinsic risk factors are internal medical conditions and balance issues that increase the risk of falls.

B. Extrinsic risk factors are external conditions, such as the environment, including elements like slippery floors, that contribute to the risk of falling.

C. Extrinsic risk factors are related to psychological factors, such as fear of falling, and do not involve environmental conditions.

D. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors are unrelated to potential interventions and cannot be modified to reduce the risk of falls.

A

B. Extrinsic risk factors are external conditions, such as the environment, including elements like slippery floors, that contribute to the risk of falling.

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23
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes the importance and relevance of the fear of falling in older adults?

Options:

A. The fear of falling is solely experienced by individuals who have had previous falls and does not affect those who have never fallen.

B. Fear of falling is a temporary concern that usually resolves on its own without impacting an individual’s activity levels or quality of life.

C. The fear of falling is a lasting concern that can lead individuals to avoid activities they are still capable of performing. It can cause anxiety, restricted activity, poor quality of life, and may result in deconditioning and increased fall risk.

D. The fear of falling only affects physical health and does not have any impact on mental health or daily activities.

A

C. The fear of falling is a lasting concern that can lead individuals to avoid activities they are still capable of performing. It can cause anxiety, restricted activity, poor quality of life, and may result in deconditioning and increased fall risk.

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24
Q

Which of the following are fears associated with falling?

A. Not being able to get up on own - needing the assistance of another
B. Long lie times
C. Embarrassed about falling in public and looking frail
D. Fear of injury and/or nursing home placement
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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25
Q

What are the key elements of fall prevention strategies for older adults? Select all that apply.

A) Education and prevention measures
B) Exercise and strength training
C) Balance and postural control exercises
D) Managing postural sway
E) Hip and ankle strategies
F) Stepping and stumbling strategies
G) Nutritional supplements

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D, E, F

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26
Q

How does fall prevention relate to the quality of life (QOL) in older adults? Choose the best answer.

A) Fall prevention primarily affects physical health but has little impact on mental well-being.

B) There is no significant relationship between fall prevention and quality of life in older adults.

C) Effective fall prevention can improve both physical and psycho-social aspects of life, thereby enhancing the overall quality of life in older adults.

D) Fall prevention only benefits those with existing medical comorbidities and does not impact healthy older adults.

A

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:

C) Effective fall prevention can improve both physical and psycho-social aspects of life, thereby enhancing the overall quality of life in older adults.
Falls are directly correlated with increased mortality, morbidity, and reduced functionality, particularly in older adults. This is due to the higher frequency of falls among this population and the presence of medical comorbidities that increase the risk of falls and subsequent injuries (Appeadu & Bordoni, 2023). The acute consequences of falls, such as fractures and a fear of falling, can lead to a decline in physical, psycho-social, and functional abilities, negatively impacting perceived health and quality of life (QOL). Therefore, fall prevention strategies are essential in maintaining and improving the overall well-being of older adults.

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27
Q

In the context of community-based occupational therapy (OT) practice with older adults, which factors should be considered to address the multidimensional needs of community-based elders? Select all that apply.

A) Underutilization of community services
B) Preference for receiving help from family, friends, and neighbors
C) Economic status, specifically high and low income versus middle income
D) Differences between rural and urban areas
E) Access to healthcare and related services
F) Disparities in service availability and quality

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D, E, F

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28
Q

Which of the following describe the varied programs and settings available in the community for older adults? Select all that apply.

A) Medical, educational, community, and social programs
B) Opportunities for work, learning, and volunteerism (“Something to do”)
C) Senior programs, adult day programs, and meal programs (“Somewhere to go”)
D) Supportive services (“Someone to care”)
E) Housing options for older adults (“Someplace to live”)
F) Childcare services for older adults

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D, E

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29
Q

Which of the following are barriers to receiving services for older adults in the community? Select all that apply.

A) System-level barriers
B) Agency-level barriers, such as staffing and funding structures
C) Individual-level barriers, including attitudes and behaviors
D) Group-level barriers
E) Access to recreational facilities
F) Advanced healthcare technologies

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D

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30
Q

The following are common intervention to facilitate older adults participation in occupation? (Select all that applies)

A) Activity Modification
B) Sleep Hygiene
C) Posture and Positioning
D) DME/ Adaptive Equipment
E) All of the above

A

E) All of the above

31
Q

What are some innovative and creative roles for occupational therapists (OTs) in community-based practice with older adults? Select all that apply.

A) Conducting screenings, evaluations, and interventions for Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)
B) Addressing age-related changes and their impact on daily functioning
C) Supporting self-management of chronic diseases
D) Offering financial planning and investment advice
E) Developing coping strategies and stress reduction techniques
F) Addressing mental health concerns
G) Providing assistance and support to caregivers
H) Promoting health and wellness

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, E, F, G, H

32
Q

What are the possible roles of occupational therapists (OTs) in community-based practice? Select all that apply.

A) Consultant
B) Direct provider or case manager
C) Educator
D) Advocate
E) Financial advisor
F) Researcher

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D, F

33
Q

Which of the following are key aspects of occupational therapy (OT) practice in community-based settings? Select all that apply.

A) Belief in meaningful activity engagement (occupation) to promote health
B) Addressing frailty through tailored interventions
C) Competence in activity related to motivation for activity involvement
D) Training in an integrative biopsychosocial model
E) Use of community resources
F) Examining activity patterns to promote “activity health”
G) Prescribing medications

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D, E, F

34
Q

According to the AOTA Guidelines for occupational therapy with older adults, which of the following are recommended practices? Select all that apply.

A) Education and training in daily living skills

B) Therapeutic adaptation and compensatory techniques, including assistive devices and equipment

C) Prevention and health promotion

D) Health maintenance

E) Sensorimotor treatment

F) Therapeutic activity for cognitive function

G) Driving and community mobility

H) Home modifications

I) Fall prevention

J) Work and retirement planning

K) Medication management

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J

35
Q

What strategies can community-based programs for older adults use to provide both direct and indirect services? Select all that apply.

A) Developing specialized programs at older adult/senior centers to address the changing needs of a new generation of older adults

B) Bridging gaps between work and retirement, full independence and limited support, and good health and chronic conditions

C) Offering general fitness classes without consideration for individual health needs

D) Expanding services at senior centers to include technology training, social activities, and health management workshops

E) Limiting programs to traditional activities and avoiding new, innovative approaches

F) Creating partnerships with healthcare providers and community organizations to offer integrated services

A

Correct Answers: A, B, D, F

36
Q

What roles can occupational therapists (OTs) fulfill in older adult (OA) senior centers? Select all that apply.

A) Consulting on interventions related to education, health promotion, and prevention

B) Addressing functional and safety issues

C) Focusing on meaningful occupations and enhancing social connectedness

D) Providing financial planning and investment advice

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C

37
Q

What are the key features of adult day care programs, and how do they differ between medical/hospital-based and social day programs? Select all that apply.

A) Medical/Hospital-Based Programs are associated with hospitals or nursing homes and typically include a team of MDs, RNs, SWs, rehabilitation therapists, recreational staff, nutritionists, and psychologists.

B) Social Day Programs can be hospital-based or free-standing and typically include social workers (SWs), recreational staff, and sometimes MDs or RNs.

C) Social Day Programs focus on providing services for well elderly individuals, dementia programs, frail elderly, and mental health programs.

D) Medical/Hospital-Based Programs primarily focus on social activities and do not involve medical or therapeutic interventions.

E) Social Day Programs do not require a multidisciplinary team and focus solely on recreational activities.

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C

38
Q

Which of the following accurately defines the frailty phenotype and its criteria? Select all that apply.

A) Frailty is a medical syndrome characterized by diminished strength, endurance, and reduced physiological function, which increases vulnerability to increased dependency and/or death.

B) Frailty is a clinical syndrome where at least two of the following criteria must be present: unintentional weight loss, self-reported exhaustion, weakness, slow walking speed, and low physical activity.

C) Frailty is diagnosed based on the presence of three or more of the following criteria: unintentional weight loss, self-reported exhaustion, weakness, slow walking speed, and low physical activity.

D) Frailty is a condition primarily associated with acute illness and does not involve chronic health conditions or multiple causes.

E) The frailty phenotype includes criteria such as increased muscle mass, high energy levels, and fast walking speed.

A

Correct Answers: A, C

39
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes frailty and its characteristics? Select all that apply.

A) Frailty is characterized by increased vulnerability due to impairments in multiple systems, leading to a diminished ability to respond to even mild stresses.

B) Sarcopenia is the sole component of frailty, and addressing muscle loss alone can fully address frailty.

C) Well-validated models of frailty exist that predict increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes and mortality.

D) All individuals over 70 years of age and those with significant weight loss (≥5%) due to chronic disease should be screened for frailty.

E) Disabled individuals are always considered frail.

A

Correct Answers: A, C, D

40
Q

Which of the following statements about frailty and its screening are true? Select all that apply.

A) Frailty incorporates multimorbidity and central nervous system impairments, making it a multifaceted condition beyond just muscle loss.

B) Preventing dependence in individuals who are pre-disabled is less important than managing existing disabilities.

C) Screening for frailty should be conducted for all individuals older than 70 years and for those experiencing significant weight loss (≥5%) due to chronic diseases.

D) Frailty is a state of increased vulnerability that involves impairments across multiple systems, which may lead to reduced capacity to handle mild stresses.

E) All persons with significant weight loss are frail, regardless of age.

A

Correct Answers: A, C, D

41
Q

True or False: Sarcopenia may be a component of frailty, but frailty is more multifaceted than sarcopenia alone.

A

True

42
Q

What characteristics define the “pre-frail” state in older adults? Select all that apply.

A) Presence of 1-2 criteria indicating an intermediate risk of poor outcomes.

B) Pre-frail individuals are at the same risk of poor outcomes as those who are fully frail.

C) Pre-frail individuals have an increased risk of becoming frail, with twice the risk compared to non-frail subjects. Most receptive group to be in pre-rehab.

D) Pre-frail individuals do not require intervention or monitoring.

A

Correct Answers: A, C

43
Q

Match the factors that influence frailty with their corresponding categories.

Categories:

A. Psychological Factors
B. Sociodemographic Factors
C. Lifestyle Factors

Factors:

  1. Depression
  2. Anxiety
  3. Cognitive function
  4. Income
  5. Living environment
  6. Diet
  7. Smoking
    8.Alcohol consumption
A

A. Psychological Factors:

Depression
Anxiety
Cognitive function
B. Sociodemographic Factors:

  1. Income
    Living environment
    C. Lifestyle Factors:
  2. Diet
    Smoking
    Alcohol consumption
44
Q

Delineate the differences between robust, pre-frail, and frail presentations using the following characteristics:

Characteristics:

  • Weakness (grip strength)
  • Slowness (gait speed)
  • Low activity (decreased physical activity/sedentary behavior)

Match each characteristic to the appropriate frailty category:

A. Robust
B. Pre-Frail
C. Frail

EX: Poor endurance (exhaustion):

A. Robust (good endurance)
B. Pre-Frail (some level of exhaustion or poor endurance)
C. Frail (significant exhaustion and poor endurance

A

Weakness (grip strength):
B. Pre-Frail (may show mild weakness)
C. Frail (significant weakness)

Slowness (gait speed):
A. Robust (normal gait speed)
B. Pre-Frail (slower gait speed)
C. Frail (significantly slow gait speed)

Low activity (decreased physical activity/sedentary behavior):
A. Robust (high level of activity)
B. Pre-Frail (decreased physical activity)
C. Frail (very low activity/sedentary behavior)

45
Q

Which of the following evidence-based interventions are recommended to address frailty in clinical practice? Select all that apply.

A) Exercise
B) Caloric and protein support
C) Vitamin D
D) Reduction of polypharmacy
E) Exclusive reliance on medication management without lifestyle modifications

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D

46
Q

What are the implications of frailty on occupational performance and participation? Select all that apply.

A) Frailty is synonymous with old age, disability, and co-morbidity, and does not require distinct management.

B) Central features of frailty, such as weakness, poor endurance, and slowed performance, can be modified through therapeutic interventions.

C) Targeting frail older adults with interventions can potentially reduce the incidence of falls, hospitalizations, worsening mobility, difficulties with activities of daily living (ADLs), and mortality.

D) Frailty management should not address occupational performance or participation as it focuses solely on physical health.

A

Correct Answers: B, C

47
Q

What are the roles of occupational therapy (OT) in identifying and preventing frailty in older adults? Select all that apply.

A) Focused exclusively on stand-alone interventions without collaboration in multidisciplinary approaches.

B) Providing recommendations and training in the use of assistive devices and adaptive equipment.

C) Offering training in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL).

D) Making home modification recommendations to enhance safety and functionality.

E) Only addressing frailty through medical treatments and not incorporating occupational therapy strategies.

A

Correct Answers: B, C, D

48
Q

Which of the following accurately describes primary health care initiatives and models of care? Select all that apply.

A) Primary health care is focused solely on individual-level services and does not include population-level functions.

B) Primary health care involves an approach to health policy and service provision that includes both individual services and population-level functions.

C) Primary health care is designed to address immediate medical needs only, without considering preventive or community health aspects.

D) Primary health care models aim to provide comprehensive, accessible, and continuous care to individuals and communities.

A

Correct Answers: B, D

49
Q

Which of the following are examples of rehabilitation models of primary care? Select all that apply.

A) Emergency room-based care
B) Outreach
C) Self-management
D) Community-based rehabilitation
E) Case Management
F) Shared care
G) Clinic

A

Correct Answers: B, C, D, E, F, G

50
Q

An older adult patient in a primary care clinic has been diagnosed with frailty and exhibits signs of weakness, low physical activity, and poor endurance. They also struggle with managing their chronic musculoskeletal pain, have experienced a recent fall, and require modifications in their home environment to improve safety.

Which roles of rehabilitation in primary care should be prioritized for this patient? Select all that apply.

A) Self-management training for chronic conditions
B) Management of musculoskeletal conditions and pain
C) Safety and falls prevention interventions
D) Redesign of the home environment
E) Driving and community mobility resources
F) Research and policy development

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D

51
Q

What roles do occupational therapy (OT) practitioners play in working with older adults to manage chronic diseases? Select all that apply.

A) Assess and develop interventions related to functional cognition, physical capacity, memory, and medication management.

B) Assist individuals with chronic pain conditions, such as arthritis, by protecting joints, conserving energy, and improving range of motion and strength.

C) Focus solely on providing medical treatments without considering the individual’s functional needs and occupational impacts.

D) Understand the unique needs of individuals or groups in context, incorporating evaluation, intervention, and outcome assessment to address the impact of chronic conditions on daily activities.

A

Correct Answers: A, B, D

52
Q

What are the roles and strategies of occupational therapy (OT) practitioners in medication management for older adults? Select all that apply.

A) Address compliance and adherence issues related to medication management.

B) Identify and address factors contributing to non-compliance.

C) Implement medication management systems to improve adherence.

D) Use strategies to measure medication adherence, including pill counts, rates of prescription refills, patient diaries, and electronic medication monitors.

E) Focus solely on prescribing medication without evaluating adherence or providing support systems.

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D

53
Q

How can technology be utilized to enhance health management and maintenance tasks using wearable devices? Select all that apply.

A) Monitoring vital signs
B) Managing chronic diseases such as glucose levels and weight loss
C) Detecting falls
D) Managing pain and abuse
E) Caring for wounds
F) Managing heart failure

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D, E, F

54
Q

What are the key aspects and benefits of health information technology (HIT) in the healthcare industry? Select all that apply.

A) Involves the processing, storage, and exchange of health information in an electronic environment.

B) Widespread use of health IT improves healthcare quality, prevents medical errors, reduces costs, and increases administrative efficiencies.

C) Health IT eliminates the need for privacy and security measures for electronic health information.

D) Decreases paperwork and expands access to affordable health care.

E) “OATS” refers to a service specifically aimed at enhancing technology use among older adults.

A

Correct Answers: A, B, D, E

55
Q

When considering the incorporation of evidence-based programs for health management and promotion for older adults, which of the following elements should be included? Select all that apply.

A) Ongoing evaluation of program effectiveness

B) Increasing awareness to affect policy and program sustainability

C) Educating the public and policymakers on the impact of these programs

D) Ensuring the programs are unrealistic or unfeasible for the target audience

E) Identifying and utilizing appropriate programs, such as physical activity programs like Enhance Fitness or Healthy Moves

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, E

56
Q

Which of the following strategies align with AOTA’s Centennial Vision for older adults and the concept of lifelong learning? Select all that apply.

A) Improving access to rehabilitation services

B) Enhancing participation in leisure and social activities

C) Engaging in internships and apprenticeships

D) Enrolling in vocational courses

E) Teaching yourself a new language

F) Studying a new subject

G) Learning to use new pieces of technology

H) Playing a new game or sport

I) Adding to your skillset during employment

J) Gaining knowledge and learned behaviors from your environment

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J

57
Q

Which teaching strategies are effective when working with older adults? Select all that apply.

A) Communicate with respect, acceptance, and support

B) Schedule teaching sessions at any time of the day without considering the learner’s optimal times

C) Use the teach-back technique to confirm understanding

D) Link new information or skills to past experiences to enhance learning

E) Focus solely on theoretical knowledge without practical application

F) Ensure that the information or skills taught are practical and relevant

A

Correct Answers: A, C, D, F

58
Q

When considering hearing accommodations for older adults, which of the following factors should be taken into account? Select all that apply.

A) Modification of the environment to enhance hearing

B) Speaking at a rate and pitch that are easy for the listener to understand

C) Maintaining a distance from the older adult/client that may hinder effective communication

D) Considering the size of the group to ensure everyone can hear clearly

E) Ensuring the availability of amplification devices if needed

A

Correct Answers: A, B, D, E

59
Q

Which strategies are effective for communicating with older adults who may have hearing difficulties? Select all that apply.

A) Ensure you have the client’s attention before speaking

B) Speak slowly, clearly, and avoid shouting

C) Write down any messages for additional clarification

D) Rely solely on verbal communication without using non-verbal cues

E) Check if the hearing aid is functional or properly adjusted

F) If the person does not understand, repeat the exact same words

G) If the person does not understand, use different words or paraphrase instead of repeating the same words

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, E, G

60
Q

Which visual considerations are important when accommodating older adults with visual impairments? Select all that apply.

A) Ensure there is adequate lighting
B) Reduce glare to improve visibility
C) Use color coding when safety is a factor
D) Avoid abrupt changes in lighting
E) Use large print for signs, directions, and labels

A

Correct Answers: A, B, D, E

61
Q

Which environmental considerations are important for creating an effective and accessible space for older adults? Select all that apply.

A) Maintain a distraction-free environment
B) Ensure appropriate lighting
C) Address accessibility concerns
D) Use acoustic materials to reduce noise near busy traffic areas
E) Consider noise and traffic levels in treatment or meeting areas

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D, E

62
Q

Which compensation techniques using touch can enhance communication with older adults? Select all that apply.

A) Use touch as a means of communication and orientation

B) Sit far from the client to maintain personal space

C) Avoid sudden, unexpected changes in body position in space

D) Allow sufficient time for the client to adjust after changing position

E) Incorporate sensory stimulation into the rehabilitation program

A

Correct Answers: A, C, D, E

63
Q

Which oral communication strategies are effective for client and caregiver education to promote skills in areas of occupation, prevention, health promotion, and safety? Select all that apply.

A) Conduct teaching sessions lasting 10-15 minutes

B) Present content with 8-10 main points

C) Use specific and concrete language

D) Have the client repeat instructions to ensure understanding

E) Repeat key points infrequently to avoid redundancy

F) Summarize essential points at the end of the session

G) Encourage family caregivers to be present during sessions

A

Correct Answers: A, C, D, F, G

64
Q

Which statements accurately reflect the relationship between health literacy and health outcomes? Select all that apply.

A) Patients with poor health literacy are more likely to report poor health

B) Patients with high health literacy are more likely to experience poor health outcomes

C) Patients with poor health literacy are more likely to have health insurance

D) Increasing health literacy is associated with improved health outcomes

E) Patients with poor health literacy are more likely to not have health insurance

A

Correct Answers: A, D, E

65
Q

Which design considerations are important for creating effective handouts and educational tools for older adults to improve health literacy? Select all that apply.

A) Use large text size for readability

B) Incorporate high contrast between text and background

C) Include detailed tables and complex charts

D) Use bullet points and lists for clarity

E) Employ simple line drawings to illustrate concepts

F) Consider the location where information will be stored for easy access

G) Use pictures that positively represent older adults

A

Correct Answers: A, B, D, E, F, G

66
Q

Which statements accurately describe the concept of empathy in the context of health and wellness through active aging? Select all that apply.

A) Empathy involves cognitive processes and emotional shifts to understand and connect with another person’s experience.

B) Empathy is the same as identification with the patient, leading to a loss of boundaries.

C) Empathy requires imagining oneself in the patient’s situation, maintaining a sense of separation.

D) Empathy allows for a deepening awareness and connection without losing the sense of difference between the self and the patient.

E) Identification with the patient helps maintain a clear and objective perspective in patient care.

A

Correct Answers: A, C, D

67
Q

Which concepts are associated with the wellness model for older adults? Select all that apply.

A) Awareness of choices toward a successful lifestyle

B) Focus exclusively on physical health
C) Addresses physical, spiritual, intellectual, emotional, social, and occupational components

D) Emphasizes maintaining current health care practices without adaptation

E) Considers changes in the health care system

A

Correct Answers: A, C, E

68
Q

Which factors contribute to promoting wellness for older adults? Select all that apply.

A) Genetics
B) Physical activity
C) Proper diet and nutrition
D) Social support
E) Spirituality
F) Perceived control and self-efficacy
G) Engagement in valued activity/occupation
H) Establishing a routine or good habits
I) Isolation from social interactions

A

Correct Answers: B, C, D, E, F, G, H

69
Q

Question on evidence-based programs that support health and wellness for older adults.
* TTM is evidence-based model of intentional change that occurs over time*

A 70-year-old client is interested in improving their physical activity levels and managing stress, but is currently unaware of the benefits of these changes and does not plan to take any action. According to the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM), what stage is this client in, and what would be an appropriate intervention at this stage?

A) Pre-contemplation; Provide information on the benefits of physical activity and stress management to raise awareness.

B) Contemplation; Develop a detailed action plan for exercise and stress management.

C) Preparation; Assist in implementing specific behavior changes and lifestyle modifications.

D) Action; Focus on strategies to prevent relapse and reinforce new behaviors.

A

Correct Answer: A

Explanation:

A) Pre-contemplation; The client is in the pre-contemplation stage, where they do not intend to make changes and have a vague awareness of the need to change. The appropriate intervention is to provide information and raise awareness about the benefits of physical activity and stress management to move them towards contemplation.

Note:

B) Contemplation; This stage involves awareness but no commitment yet, so the client is not at this stage.

C) Preparation; The client has not yet started planning, so this stage is not applicable.

D) Action; The client has not initiated any behavior changes, so this stage is not relevant.

70
Q

What are the primary indications and roles of the Lifestyle Redesign study in geriatric care?

A) Increased understanding of the value and meaning of occupation and activity

B) Focused exclusively on treating existing chronic conditions

C) Promoted a healthy, safe, and satisfying lifestyle

D) Established a costly intervention model for at-risk older adults

E) Introduced occupational therapy into the Prevention and Health Promotion arena

A

Correct Answers: A, C, E

71
Q

Which of the following are key tips for changing health behaviors according to the provided guidelines? Select all that apply.

A) Motivation
B) Modest
C) Measurable
D) Memory
E) Positive thoughts
F) Focus exclusively on individual willpower
G) Rely solely on personal motivation without external support
H) Incorporate health promotion strategies, environmental support, and social support

A

Correct Answers: A, B, C, D, E, H

72
Q

Which of the following activities are categorized as moderate-intensity exercise? Select all that apply.

A) Walking at a slow pace (<2 mph)
B) Mopping or vacuuming
C) Running
D) Tennis (doubles)
E) Bicycling >10 mph
F) Recreational swimming
G) Ballroom or line dancing

A

Correct Answers: B, D, F, G

Explanation:

B) Mopping or vacuuming: This activity generally falls under moderate-intensity exercise.
D) Tennis (doubles): This is considered moderate-intensity exercise.
F) Recreational swimming: This activity is categorized as moderate-intensity.
G) Ballroom or line dancing: These types of dancing are moderate-intensity activities.
Note:

A) Walking at a slow pace (<2 mph): This is classified as light-intensity.
C) Running: This is classified as vigorous-intensity.
E) Bicycling >10 mph: This is classified as vigorous-intensity.

73
Q

Falls are more common among people living in ___ and _____

A) NORC
B) during hospitalization
C) Assisted living facilities
D) Long term care facilities

A

Both B and D
* Long term care facilities and during hospitalization

74
Q

Which of the following are precautions we need to take when assessing older adults?

A) Vision quality
B) Safety
C) Caution regarding osteoporosis, potential for fracture
D) Concern about standing endurance/balance
E) Avoid valsalva maneuver because of possible cardiovascular problems

A

Safety, Caution regarding osteoporosis, potential for fracture, Concern about standing endurance/balance, Avoid valsalva maneuver because of possible cardiovascular problems