Midterm Review Flashcards
Cervical vertebrae: typical/atypical
Typical: C3-C6
Atypical: C1, C2, C7
Thoracic vertebrae: typical/atypical
Typical: T2-T8
Atypical: T1, T9-T12
Lumbar vertebrae: typical/atypical
Typical: L1-L4
Atypical: L5
Typical/Atypical Ribs
Typical: 3-9
Atypical: 1, 2,10-12
C1 - Landmarks
Anterior Arch
articular facet for dens/odontoid process
anterior tubercle
fovea dentis
Lateral Mass (no vertebral body)
tubercle for transverse ligament
superior articular facet
inferior articular facet (not shown)
transverse foramen (foramen transversarium)
transverse process P
Posterior Arch
posterior tubercle P
groove for vertebral artery
Important landmarks/ligaments of C2
- Dens
- Anterior Articular Facet
- Posterior Articular Facet
- Alar Ligaments
- Transverse Ligament
Atlanto-occipital Joints (type of joint, Ligaments, movement)
Type of Joint:
synovial,
condyloid (ellipsoid),
diarthrosis,
biaxial
Accessory Ligaments:
loose capsule,
posterior & anterior atlanto-occipital ligaments
Movements:
flexion & extension,
slight lateral flexion
Medial Atlanto-Axial Joint (type of joint, Ligaments, movement)
Type of Joint:
synovial,
pivot/trochoid,
diarthrosis,
uniaxial
Articular Surfaces:
atlas C1: facet for dens on atlas (concave)
axis C2: anterior faced for the dens on the axis (convex)
Accessory ligaments:
transverse ligament, see summary
Movements:
rotation
Lateral Atlanto-Axial Joints (type of joint, Ligaments, movement)
Type of Joint:
synovial,
plane (gliding),
diarthrosis,
uniaxial
Articular Surfaces:
Atlas C1: inferior facets of C1
Axis C2: superior facets of C2
Accessory Ligaments:
see summary
Movements:
gliding
Facet/Zygapophyseal/Apophyseal Joints (type of joint, Ligaments, movement)
Type of Joint:
synovial,
plane,
diarthrosis,
uniaxial
Articular Surfaces:
inferior condylar facet of superior vertebra,
superior condylar facet of inferior vertebra
Accessory Ligaments:
articular capsule,
supraspinous,
interspinous,
ligamentum nuchae/nuchal ligament,
ligamentum flavum,
intertransverse
Movement:
gliding,
flexion,
extension coupled with slight lateral flexion & rotation
Intervertebral Joints (type of joint, Ligaments, movement)
Type of Joint:
cartilaginous,
symphysis,
amphiarthrosis,
triaxial
Articular Surfaces:
inferior body of superior vertebra,
superior body of inferior vertebra,
intervertebral disc (containing annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus)
Accessory Ligaments:
anterior longitudinal,
posterior longitudinal
Movement:
flexion and extension,
lateral flexion and
some rotation
Costovertebral Joints (type of joint, Ligaments, movement)
Type of Joint:
- synovial,
- plane,
- diarthrosis,
- uniaxial
Articular Surfaces:
- facet or demifacet on vertebral body
- rib head facets and interarticular crest where present
Accessory Ligaments:
- fibrous capsule,
- radiate (anterior costovertebral),
- intra-articular ligament,
- costotransverse ligaments (superior & lateral)
Movement:
- gliding (elevation and depression of the ribs during breathing)
Costotransverse Joint (type of joint, Ligaments, movement)
Type of Joint:
- synovial,
- plane,
- diarthrosis,
- uniaxial
Articular Surfaces:
- transverse process costal facet
- articular facet on tubercle on rib
Accessory Ligaments:
- fibrous capsule,
- superior & lateral costotransverse and
- intertransverse
Movement:
- gliding (elevation and depression of ribs during breathing)
Sternocostal Joint (Rib 1) (type of joint, Ligaments, movement)
Type of Joint:
- cartilaginous,
- synchondrosis,
- synarthrosis
Articular Surfaces:
- costal notch of manubrium
- anterior end of 1st rib cartilage
Accessory Ligaments:
- anterior sternocostal (stellate or radiate ligaments)
Movement:
- none
Sternocostal Joints P (2 - 7 Ribs) (type of joint, Ligaments, movement)
Type of Joint:
- synovial,
- plane,
- diarthrosis,
- uniaxial
Articular Surfaces:
- costal facet of sternum (Rib 2 at sternal angle, Ribs 3-7 at body)
Articular Surfaces:
- anterior end of 2-7 rib cartilages
Accessory Ligaments:
- fibrous capsule,
- radiate sternocostal ligament
- intra-articular ligaments
Movement:
- slight gliding
Costochondral Joints P (1-10) (type of joint, Ligaments, movement)
Type of Joint:
- cartilaginous,
- synchondrosis,
- synarthrosis
Articular Surfaces:
- lateral edge of costal cartilage and the medial end of the rib
Accessory Ligaments:
- none
Movements:
- only slight
Manubriosternal (type of joint, Ligaments, movement)
Type of Joint:
- cartilaginous,
- symphysis,
- amphiarthrosis,
- uniaxial
Articular Surfaces:
- inferior margin of the manubrium
- superior margin of the body of the sternum
Accessory Ligaments:
- manubriosternal ligament
Movement:
- slight flexion & extension (during breathing)
Xiphisternal Joint (type of joint, Ligaments, movement)
Type of Joint:
- cartilaginous,
- synchondrosis,
- amphiarthrosis,
- uniaxial
Articular Surfaces:
- inferior margin of the body of the sternum
- superior margin of xiphoid process
Accessory Ligaments:
- sternoxiphoid ligament
Movement:
- slight flexion and extension
Layers of back muscles (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3, Layer 4, Layer 5, Layer 6)
Layer 1 (most superficial layer)
- trapezius,
- latissimus dorsi
Layer 2
- levator scapulae,
- rhomboid major and minor
Layer 3
- serratus posterior superior and inferior
Layer 4
- splenius capitis and cervicis
Layer 5
- erector spinae group (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)
Layer 6 (deepest layer)
- transversospinalis (semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores)
Coupled motions
- C2 through to T5 - lateral flexion is always accompanied by rotation on the ipsilateral side (same).
- T6 through to L5 - lateral flexion is always accompanied by rotation on the contralateral side (opposite).
What is Costal Cartilage made of?
made of cartilage cells in a glycoprotein matrix strengthened by collagen.
Ligaments of the spine from anterior to posterior
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Ligamentum Flavum
Interspinal Ligament
Supraspinous Ligament
Where does the spinal cord end?
L1-L2, becomes cauda equina.
Functions of the Spine
Protection
Stabilization
Support & Weight bearing
Motion
Resiliency - Shock Absorption
Spine - Vertebral Bodies
- Cervical Vertebral Bodies
-equal height anterior to posterior - Thoracic Vertebral Bodies
-thicker posteriorly than anteriorly - Lumbar Vertebral Bodies - heights vary
-L1 – higher posteriorly
-L2 – heights are equal
-L3 to L5 - higher anteriorly
Spine - Intervertebral Discs (thickness)
Cervical Discs - thicker anteriorly
Thoracic Discs - equal thickness
Lumbar Discs - thicker anteriorly
What are the Intervertebral Discs
- The annulus fibrosus is layers of fibrocartilage made of collagen that strengthen and redistribute forces along the disc.
- The nucleus pulposus contains loose fibres in a mucoprotein gel and acts as a shock absorber for the entire body.
what is the name of the end of the spinal cord?
Conus Medullaris
Lumbar ROM
● Flexion: 40-60
● Extension: 20-35
● Side Flexion: 15-20
● Rotation: 3-18
Thoracic ROM
● Flexion: 20-45
● Extension: 25-45
● Side Flexion: 20-40
● Rotation: 35-50
Cervical ROM
● Flexion: 80-90
● Extension: 70
● Side Flexion: 20-45
● Rotation: 70-90
True Ribs + other name for them
Ribs 1-7
Vertebrosternal ribs
False Ribs + other name for them
Ribs 8-10
Vertebrochondral ribs
Floating Ribs + other name for them
Ribs 11-12
Vertebral ribs
What makes Rib 1 Different?
-Shorter and wider
-One articular facet on head
-Scalene tubercle for attachment of
anterior scalene muscle
-Grooves for subclavian artery and subclavian vein
-Rough area for attachment of middle scalene muscle
What makes Rib 2 Different?
-Thinner and longer than Rib 1
-Rough area for attachment of posterior scalene muscle
What makes rib 10, 11, 12 different?
Rib 10
- Has only 1 facet
Rib 11
- Has no neck
- Has only 1 facet
Rib 12
- Has no neck
- Has only 1 facet
What are the Three openings in the diaphragm for?
*Inferior vena Cava (Level of T8)
*Esophagus (Level of T10)
*Abdominal Aorta (Level of T12)
