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Biology CPA > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In an experiment, the variable that changes is called…

A

Independent

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2
Q

The setup or group that does not receive the experimental treatment is called the…

A

control group

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3
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a possible explanation to the scientific question

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4
Q

Maintaining stable internal conditions is called what?

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

The variable that is measured in a experiment (the data)

A

dependent

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6
Q

True or False: A hypothesis can be disproven or supported but is never said to be proven or “fact”.

A

true

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7
Q

How many independent variables are in a controlled experiment?

A

one

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8
Q

Something that a living thing responds to is called what?

A

a stimulus

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9
Q

What is a neutral pH?

A

7

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10
Q

If an acid is added to a neutral solution, how does the pH change?

A

it will become more acidic (1-6)

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11
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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12
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

ribonucleic acid

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13
Q

How much energy moves up from one trophic level to another in a food chain?

A

10%, the rest is lost as heat. This is also true of biomass, it decreases by a factor of 10 as it goes up each level. 100 grams of grass can only support 10g of primary consumers.

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14
Q

What is an ecological community?

A

All individuals of all living species in a given area.

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15
Q

Does energy cycle or move straight through an ecosystem?

A

move through

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16
Q

Do nutrients cycle or move straight through an ecosystem?

A

cycle

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17
Q

What is primary productivity?

A

The amount of biomass of producers. Depends on abiotic factors such as water, sun, nutrients etc.

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18
Q

What is a primary consumer?

A

organism that eats producers

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19
Q

What is a secondary consumer?

A

organism that eats primary consumers

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20
Q

What is chemosynthesis?

A

process by which bacteria make glucose from hydrogen sulfide instead of photosynthesis.

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21
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process of using water and carbon dioxide plus energy from the sun to create glucose and oxygen.

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22
Q

What is the carbon cycle?

A

a series of processes by which carbon compounds are converted in the environment, involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms (decomposition), storage as calcium carbonate (shells) and the burning of fossil fuels.

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23
Q

What is the nitrogen cycle?

A

The nitrogen cycle is a repeating cycle of processes during which nitrogen moves through both living and non-living things: the atmosphere, soil, water, plants, animals and bacteria. In order to move through the different parts of the cycle, nitrogen must change forms. Ammonia, ammonium and Nitrogen are all compounds involved

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24
Q

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

amino acid

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25
Q

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

A

glucose (monosaccharide)

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26
Q

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid such as DNA, RNA and ATP?

A

a nucleotide (sugar, phosphate groups and a nitrogenous base)

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27
Q

Give three types of polysaccharides

A

Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen

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28
Q

How are polysaccharides made?

A

Dehydration synthesis- bonds together monomers into a polymer. This process creates water

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29
Q

How are polysaccharides broken apart?

A

Hydrolysis- breaks apart the polymer into its monomers using water.

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30
Q

What is the C, H, O ratio of carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

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31
Q

What is iodine an indicator for?

A

polysaccharides

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32
Q

What is Benedict’s solution an indicator for?

A

glucose/monosaccharides

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33
Q

Which element is all life based on?

A

Carbon

34
Q

What type of macromolecule are enzymes?

A

proteins

35
Q

Waxes, steroid hormones and oils are what type of macromolecule?

A

Lipids

36
Q

What molecule is the cell membrane made of?

A

phospholipid bilayer

37
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base

38
Q

Lipids are made of which elements?

A

C,H and O but in a different ratio than carbohydrates

39
Q

Saturated fats have how many double bonds?

A

none

40
Q

True or False: Enzymes can be reused over and over

A

true

41
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

makes lipids

42
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

build proteins

43
Q

A chain of amino acids is folded into what molecule?

A

protein

44
Q

What organelle is responsible for removing wastes in the cell?

A

lysosome

45
Q

What does the mitochondria do and what cells are likely to have a lot of them?

A

Create ATP energy for the cell. Most likely in cells such as muscles that need a lot of energy

46
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) do?

A

Packages proteins and sends them to the golgi apparatus

47
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Receives and then sends out molecules to where they need to go. Sometimes this means out of the cell.

48
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

To store and protect DNA

49
Q

In what type of cells will there be a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic

50
Q

Do bacteria have a nucleus?

A

no

51
Q

What organelles do plants have that animal cells do not?

A

cell wall, chloroplast, large central vacuole

52
Q

What does a vacuole do for plants?

A

Stores water and other chemical compounds. Gives the cell pressure to help the plant to remain upright.

53
Q

What do contractile vacuoles do for animal cells?

A

Allow them to remove excess water and maintain osmotic balance.

53
Q

What organelle do animal cells have that plants do not?

A

centrioles

54
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

makes ribosomes and is located inside the nucleus

55
Q

What are the 3 parts of cell theory?

A

All living things are made of cells
All cells come from existing cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things

56
Q

Endosymbiotic theory states that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from existing single celled organisms. What is the evidence for this?

A

Both of these organelles have their own DNA, a double membrane and reproduce on their own.

57
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

single celled organisms with no nucleus. Bacteria and Archaea

58
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water from high to low concentration across a semi permeable membrane.

59
Q

If the inside of a cell contains 70% salt and the outside contains 40% salt. Which direction will the water move?

A

It will move into the cell because water moves from high concentration outside the cell, into the cell. Also remember “Salt Sucks” so water moves toward higher salt concentration

60
Q

Passive movement of molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide from high to low concentration across a cell membrane is called what?

A

diffusion

61
Q

Passive movement of larger molecules such as glucose across a cell membrane that requires a protein channel is called what?

A

facilitated diffusion

62
Q

Active transport that requires movement or a pump in the cell wall requires what?

A

energy in the form of ATP

63
Q

True or False: When equilibrium is reached, the molecules stop moving

A

false; they will continue to bounce back and forth across the membrane but net movement is zero because both sides have roughly the same concentration.

64
Q

A hypertonic solution is what?

A

a solution with higher solute (salt, sugar) than the cell

65
Q

A hypotonic solution is what?

A

a solution with lower solute concentration than the cell

66
Q

An isotonic solution is what?

A

A solution with the same concentration as the cell.

67
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide, water and sunlight

68
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

oxygen and glucose

69
Q

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

A

oxygen and glucose

70
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

carbon dioxide and energy (ATP)

71
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

with oxygen

72
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

without oxygen

73
Q

After glycolysis, what happens if the cell does not have oxygen?

A

fermentation

74
Q

What 3 parts does ATP have?

A

sugar, 3 phosphate groups and a base

75
Q

What happens to ATP to release energy?

A

It loses a phosphate group

76
Q

Which colors of light are best absorbed by plants?

A

Red and Blue

77
Q

Which color of light the least absorbed by plants?

A

green

78
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

Means “other feeder”, an organism that needs to eat another organism to survive.

79
Q

What is an invasive species?

A

A species that comes from another place AND causes harm to the native ecosystem

Biology CPA (4 decks)

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