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APBIO > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Phosphorus is an important element in building which macromolecules?

A

Nucleic acids and (Phospho)lipids

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2
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The manipulated variable

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3
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The measured variable.

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4
Q

What is used to ensure that no confounding/outside variable has affected the results or to factor in any likely sources of bias?

A

A control

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5
Q

What is the most accurate reason for why null hypotheses are used?

A

It enables the hypothesis to be tested using statistical analysis

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6
Q

What does a low standard deviation mean?

A

The independent variable is likely causing the changes in the experiment.

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7
Q

What does a carboxyl group look like?

A

COOH

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8
Q

What is responsible for the adhesive properties of water?

A

Hydrogen bonds between water and other molecules

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9
Q

Which macromolecule do plants use for storage?

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

Know the phenomenon on number 9. of the review.

A

“When NaCl is exposed to water the positive charges of the water are attracted to the negative Cl and the negative charge of the water molecules are attracted to the positive Na.”

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11
Q

What causes ice to float?

A

Hydrogen bonds; they stabilize the structure of water, keeping water molecules apart causing ice to be less dense.

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12
Q

According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to have evolved through a symbiotic relationship originating when an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell. What is the evidence to support this theory?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA, can self replicate, and can perform transcription and translation

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12
Q

You are examining a cell that has a high rate of protein synthesis. Knowing this, what cellular component would you expect to see large numbers of?

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

A

Cellular respiration

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14
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Clean up old parts

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16
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Storage

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17
Q

At the gym an athlete decided to push himself to bench press more than what he was ready for. Due to the overly heavy weight, he damaged his pectoral (chest) muscles and had soreness for one week. Which part of the cytoskeleton was most likely damaged in the pectoral muscle cells?

A

Microfilaments

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18
Q

If analyzing the membrane composition of an organism living in a cold climate, what would you expect to find?

A

Many unsaturated fatty acid chains to prevent tight packing of the phospholipids.

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19
Q

To be most efficient at exchanging material across the plasma membrane, a cell must have what kind of SA:V ratio?

A

Low

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20
Q

To be best for storage of materials, a cell must have what kind of SA:V ratio?

A

High

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21
Q

Intestinal cells have both villi and microvilli, which are small finger-like projections off of the cells. These villi and microvilli play a vital role in the absorption of food passing through the small intestine. What best explains why these projections play such a vital role in the intestinal cells?

A

They increase the surface area to volume ratio

(for food absorbtion)

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22
Q

What is the best explanation for why the meniscus of water in the capillary tube to the right is concave?

A

The adhesive forces are stronger than the cohesive forces

23
Q

You are given a protein with the following amino acid sequence:
methionine (nonpolar)-glycine (nonpolar)-serine (polar)-alanine (nonpolar)-lysine (polar)
If an amino acid substitution occurred in this polypeptide chain, how would that affect the structure and function of the protein?

A

Replacing a polar amino acid with a nonpolar amino acid would greatly affect the structure of the protein, therefore greatly affecting the function

24
Q

Glucose serves as nutrients and fuel for cells. In which process is glucose used?

A

Cellular respiration

25
Q

Which macromolecule stores hereditary information?

A

Nucleic acid

26
Q

Which macromolecule comprises a major portion of the plasma membrane?

A

(Phospho)lipids

27
Q

Which macromolecule monomers come together through the formation of peptide bonds?

A

Proteins

28
Q

A researcher is studying the movement of a protein that is secreted from a eukaryotic cell. Which pathway best represents the movement she could expect for packaging/processing of the secretory protein?

A

Rough ER -> Golgi Apparatus -> Secretory Vesicles -> Cell Membrane

29
Q

Explain how both the mitochondria and golgi complex are highly efficient in their functions.

A

Both organelles have compartmentalization and many folds increasing surface area

30
Q

One difference between plant and animal cells is that plant cells have what organelles?

A

A large central vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall

31
Q

The NaCl concentration of red blood cells is 154mM. Predict what would happen if the cell was placed in a 220mM NaCl solution.

A

The red blood cell would shrink

32
Q

The NaCl concentration of red blood cells is 155mM. Predict what would happen if the cell was placed in a 93mM NaCl solution.

A

The red blood cell would swell

33
Q

What does it mean to say that phospholipids are amphipathic?

A

They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

34
Q

Contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

Prokaryotes: No membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, bacteria
Eukaryotes: Membrane bound organelles, have a nucleus, all other living things

35
Q

A plant species that has a chromosome number, n, of 2n = 30. What number of chromosomes would the eggs of this plant contain?

A

15

36
Q

What type of molecules can do simple diffusion, due to their size through the cell membrane?

A

Small nonpolar molecules and small polar molecules

37
Q

What type of molecules can pass through the cell membrane by diffusion and do not need any assistance?

A

Nonpolar hydrophobic molecules

38
Q

What type of molecule can do simple diffusion because they are small and uncharged?

A

Gases

39
Q

What type of molecule will do facilitated diffusion because molecules like glucose need help passing through the membrane?

A

Large polar molecules

40
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of Carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides, respectively

41
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of Proteins?

A

Amino Acids and Polypeptides, respectively

42
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of Lipids?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol (monomers), yet there are no true polymers

43
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleotides and Polynucleotides, respectively

44
Q

What are the substances that participate in a chemical reaction called?

A

Reactants (substrates)

45
Q

During a chemical reaction, bonds must first be broken in the reactant molecules. The amount of energy required to break these bonds is called what?

A

Activation energy

46
Q

What are enzymes and what do they do?

A

They are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction.

47
Q

Are enzymes reusable?

A

Yes

48
Q

Which group of compounds do enzymes belong to?

A

Proteins

49
Q

What do enzymes do for the activation energy for chemical reactions occurring in living cells?

A

They lower it

50
Q

What are organic substances that speed up the chemical reactions of the cell?

A

Enzymes

51
Q

What is a pocket or groove on the surface of an enzyme into which the substrate molecules fits?

A

Active site

52
Q

What is the initial investment of energy needed to start a chemical reaction?

A

Activation energy

53
Q

What name is given to an inorganic substance that speeds up a chemical reaction?

A

Catalysts

54
Q

What would happen to the chemical reactions in living cells if enzymes were not present?

A

They would happen so slowly it would be of no use to us

55
Q

Are enzymes substrate specific for the reaction they catalyze?

A

Yes

APBIO (3 decks)

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