Enzymes and Cellular Energy Flashcards
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate
(Energy)
How is ATP used for energy?
By breaking the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates
What are the substances that participate in a chemical reaction?
Reactants (substrates in the case of enzymes)
What is the amount of energy needed to break the bonds during a chemical reaction called?
Activation Energy
What are some important properties of enzymes?
- They’re a protein
- They’re substrate specific
- They can be used over and over again
What group of compounds do enzymes belong to?
Proteins
What are the organic substances that speed up the chemical reactions of the cell called?
Enzymes
What is a pocket or groove on the surface of an enzyme in which the substrate molecules fit into called?
Active Site
What name is given to an inorganic substance that speeds up a chemical reaction?
Catalyst
What would happen to the chemical reactions in living cells if enzymes weren’t present?
They would slow dramatically (some would take up to millions of years)
The ability to do work
Energy
This is associated with motion
Kinetic Energy
Stored energy
Potential Energy
What reactions release energy?
Exergonic
What reactions absorb energy?
Endergonic
What is the cellular molecule that stores energy by adding another phosphate group?
ADP
“add”p
What is the cellular molecule that releases energy by losing a phosphate group?
ATP
What type of substrate binds to an allosteric site and stabilizes the shape of the enzyme so that the active sites remain open?
Allosteric Activator
What type of substrate binds to an allosteric site and stabilizes the enzyme shpae so that the active sites are closed (inactive form)?
Allosteric Inhibitor
Loss of order, or energy flow, results in what?
Death
What must consume energy to build complex molecules?
Anabolic Pathways
Cofactors are … that assist in enzyme function
Nonprotein Molecules
In some reactions, the end product can act as a what to an early enzyme in the same pathway?
Inhibitor
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze reactions by … activation energy
Lowering/reducing
An enzyme is exposed to various treatments and then examined to see whether denaturation occured. Which treatments would likely cause an effect to the enzyme?
A change in salt, a change in pH, a change in temperature, chemicals
Peptidogycan is a polymer that forms a mesh-like layer over the plasma membrane of many bacteria forming a cell wall. This peptidoglycan cell wall is formed by cross-linking the polymers, which forms a strong and rigid covering around the cell. The cross links between peptidoglycan chains is catalyzed by the enzyme transpeptidase. Penicillin is an antibiotic that can be used to treat infections with this type of bacteria. Penicillin works by covalently bonding to the active site of transpeptidase. What best represents the type of inhibition represented in this example and the effect that it will have on the bacteria?
Competitive Inhibition; Stopping formation of the cell wall
The enzyme alpha amylase can be found in saliva and helps to start the digestion of food. In order to work optimally, calcium and chlorine ions must be bound to it. In this example, calcium and chlorine are examples of…?
Cofactors
A reaction takes place that breaks down a protein to its amino acid monomers. What type of reaction would this be classified as?
Catabolic
What is ATP composed of?
Adenosine - Ribose - 3 Phosphates
Enzymes catalyze reactions by…?
Lowering the activiation energy
How does the environment affect enzyme activity?
It can increase or decrease activity
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it just changes form
