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A&P 1 > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Basic building block of the body; least complex level of organization

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2
Q

Tissue

A

Group of like cells working together

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3
Q

Organ

A

Group of tissues working together to accomplish specific tasks

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4
Q

System

A

Group of organs working together to accomplish a specific set of tasks

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5
Q

Organism

A

Living thing that functions as a whole and is able to:

Use nutrients, Excrete waste, Move, Grow, Respond and adapt to changes in environment, and Reproduce

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6
Q

Arth- or Arthro-

A

Joints

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7
Q

Infra-

A

Beneath

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8
Q

Intra-

A

Within; inside

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9
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Most common homeostatic control mechanism;

The effector response counteracts the original stimulus.

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10
Q

Positive feedback

A

Least common homeostatic control mechanism;

Response to stimulus is sustained until no longer needed.

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11
Q

Holistic approach

A

Health and wellness concept;
Physical body, cognitive process, and emotional/spiritual aspects are inseparable parts of a whole and integrated person.

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12
Q

Physiological effect

A

Specific, Objective, Quantifiable changes in the body’s structure and/or function

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13
Q

Structural effects

A

Physical changes created by manual therapy

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14
Q

Digestive system

A

Body system that ingests food, converts it to a form the body can use, absorbs nutrients into circulation, and eliminates solid wastes.

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15
Q

Reproductive system

A

Body system consisting of gonads and accessory organs responsible for male and female sexual characteristics and reproductive processes

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16
Q

Urinary system

A

Body system involved in elimination of fluid wastes and the regulation of water and electrolyte balance.

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17
Q

Respiratory system

A

Body system made up of the lungs and air passages involved in exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the blood.

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18
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Body system made of the heart and blood vessels

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19
Q

Effector

A

Target cell, tissue, or organ which responds to a specific stimulus.

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20
Q

Receptor

A

Sensory organs sensitive to specific stimuli

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21
Q

Stimulus

A

Internal or external change that produces a response

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22
Q

Antebrachial

A

Body region including the forearm. Between the Cubital/Antecubital and Carpal regions.

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23
Q

Otic

A

Region of the body encompassing the ears.

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24
Q

Chronic

A

Gradual or long-term onset

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25
Q

Lateral

A

Further from the midline

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26
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline

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27
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the midline

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28
Q

Contralateral

A

On opposite sides of the midline

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29
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity containing lungs and heart. Most superior of the Ventral cavities.

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30
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Inferior of the 2 ventral cavities. Contains all abdominopelvic organs inferior to the diaphragm.

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31
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Cavity of the skull. Houses brain and other tissues.

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32
Q

Spinal cavity

A

Cavity which contains the spinal cord. One of the 2 dorsal cavities.

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33
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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34
Q

Maximum number of electrons in each valence shell (after the first)

A

8

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35
Q

Atomic mass

A

Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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36
Q

Correct pairing of purines and pyrimidines in DNA

A

A-T

C-G

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37
Q

Cation

A

Atom in an Ionic bond which gives up electrons and therefore has a positive charge.

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38
Q

Anion

A

Atom in an Ionic bond which gains electrons and therefore has a negative charge.

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39
Q

PH scale

A

Scale used to measure a compound’s acidity or alkalinity.

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40
Q

Acidic

A

The quality of having a high number of Hydrogen ions and a pH below 7

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41
Q

Alkaline

A

The quality of having a high number of Hydroxide ions and a pH above 7

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42
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Molecular compound containing Hydrogen Oxygen and Carbon atoms. Breaks down into Glucose, which is used for energy.

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43
Q

Glucose

A

Simple Sugar; short chain of Carbon atoms. Quick energy.

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44
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage form of Glucose

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45
Q

Lipids

A

Fats; compound made of Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon atoms. Breaks down into fatty acid and Glycerol.

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46
Q

Microvilli

A

Hair-like projections from the plasma membrane of certain cells. Increases surface area to aid with absorption in small intestine.

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47
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like projections from the plasma membrane of certain cells. Longer than Microvilli. Helps to move or brush.

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48
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Proteins in the plasma membrane. Monitor internal and external environment, shuttle nutrients and wastes across membrane, directs cellular responses.

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49
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelle that synthesizes proteins

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50
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Organelle which processes and packages proteins and lipids.

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51
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestive enzymes that destroy foreign substances and digest worn out cell structures.

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52
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Protein structure which forms shape and structure of cells

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53
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle which contains DNA

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54
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Fluid inside cells

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55
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Fluid present outside of cells

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56
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid between cells in tissue that is not blood or lymph

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57
Q

Interstitium

A

Space between cells in a tissue

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58
Q

Passive transport

A

Cellular transport mechanism that does not require the use of energy.

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59
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive transport mechanism in which substances move according to gradient; from higher concentration to lower.

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60
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive transport mechanism where carrier molecules in the cell membrane assist in moving specific substances across the plasma membrane.

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61
Q

Anabolism

A

Process of storing a nutrient for later use or of using it to repair and build new tissue

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62
Q

Catabolism

A

Any chemical process the body uses to break down nutrients to release energy.

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63
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of cell division in which the nucleus divides to creat an identical cell

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64
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Separation of the cytoplasm during cell division. Final stage.

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65
Q

Meiosis

A

Cellular division of sex cells

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66
Q

Epithelium

A

Tissue type which functions to line, cover, secrete, and protect. Avascular.

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67
Q

Avascular

A

Without blood vessels

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68
Q

Glial cells

A

Type of cell in the nervous system which protects and supports the neurons.

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69
Q

Elastin

A

Protein that makes up the elastic fibres found in connective tissue.

70
Q

Ground substance

A

Intercellular fluid component of all connective tissues.

71
Q

Adhesion

A

Point in connective tissue where fibers are bound together and/or where ground substance is thick and stiff.

72
Q

Thixotropy

A

Ability of a substance to shift between a semisolid and liquid state.

73
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

Sensory receptors in the papillary zone sensitive to vibration and light touch.

74
Q

Hair root plexus

A

Sensory receptors in the reticular layer which responds to movement of hair.

75
Q

Merkel discs

A

Sensory receptors in the papillary zone sensitive to light touch.

76
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

Sensory receptors in the reticular layer sensitive to deep touch and pressure.

77
Q

Burn that effects all layers of the epidermis

A

3rd degree burn

78
Q

Ulcer

A

Localized lesion in the skin or mucous membrane

79
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Most common type of skin cancer.

80
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

Most serious type of skin cancer that is particularly aggressive and can be fatal.

81
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial stratified epithelial tissue layer of the skin. External layer.

82
Q

Dermis

A

Connective tissue layer of the skin. Contains nerve endings, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and blood and lymph vessels.

83
Q

Hypodermis

A

Fat and areolar connective tissue that lies between the dermis and underlying tissues and organs.

84
Q

Tubercle

A

Small bump on a bone

85
Q

Facet

A

Small flat articular surface on a bone.

86
Q

Foramen

A

Hole or opening in a bone for nerves or blood vessels.

87
Q

Synovial diarthrotic

A

Freely movable joint

88
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexing the ankle

89
Q

Axial

A

The portion of the skeleton made up of the bones in the skull, spine, and torso.

90
Q

Appendicular

A

The portion of the skeleton made up of the bones of the limbs.

91
Q

Remodeling

A

Cycle of breaking down and rebuilding bones. Carried out by osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

92
Q

Resorption

A

Process of breaking down bone tissue.

93
Q

Deposition

A

Formation of new bone.

94
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cell.

95
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone cells that break down bone tissue.

96
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells.

97
Q

Osteogenic

A

Producing bone.

98
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Cartilage cell

99
Q

Osteon

A

Basic structural unit of compact bone.

100
Q

Lamellae

A

Bony plate that surrounds the haversian canal in an Osteon.

101
Q

Lacuna

A

Small cavity or chamber that houses an osteocyte or a chondrocyte

102
Q

Canaliculi

A

Network of channels in dense bone tissue.

103
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone.

104
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow channel in the diaphysis which contains the marrow.

105
Q

Epiphysis

A

End portion of a long bone.

106
Q

Metaphysis

A

The flared area in a long bone which connects the diaphysis whith the Epiphysis.

107
Q

Lordotic curve

A

Concave curve of the cervical and lumbar spine.

108
Q

Kyphotic curve

A

Convex curve of the thoracic and sacral spine.

109
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Type of joint in which the bone ends are held together with connective tissue.
Usually synarthrotic.

110
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Type of joint that allows partial movement in which there is a cartilage disk between bone surfaces. Amphiarthrotic.

111
Q

Synovial joint

A

Joint with a fibrous capsule and synovial lining that allows free movement. Diarthrotic.

112
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Connective tissue that covers the articulating surfaces of the bones in a synovial joint.

113
Q

Joint capsule

A

Fibrous connective tissue sleeve around bone ends in synovial joints.

114
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Thin connective tissue lining of the fibrous capsule in diarthrotic joints and bursa.

115
Q

Bursa

A

Small synovial fluid filled sac found in some synovial joints.

116
Q

Saddle joint

A

Synovial joint shaped like a saddle.

117
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Synovial joint in which the rounded end of one bone fits into a socket-like depression in another bone.

118
Q

Gliding joint

A

Synovial joint with facets that slide across each other.

119
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Joint disease caused by wear and tear due to injury, normal activities, or age.
Most common in weight bearing joints.

120
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune condition which affects the joints.

121
Q

Gout

A

Collection of uric acid crystals around joint.

122
Q

Excitable

A

Having the ability to react to a stimulus.

123
Q

Extensible

A

Having the ability to stretch.

124
Q

Elastic

A

Having the ability to return to its original shape after stretched.

125
Q

Epimysium

A

Fibrous connective tissue layer surrounding entire muscle

126
Q

Perimysium

A

Thin connective tissue layer surrounding each fascicle.

127
Q

Endomysium

A

Fine connective tissue layer surrounding a muscle fiber.

128
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.

129
Q

Sarcomere

A

Contractile unit of a muscle fiber.

130
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.

131
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber. Stores Calcium.

132
Q

Myofibril

A

Cylindrical organelle in a muscle fiber. Made of myofilaments.

133
Q

Myofilament

A

Thin protein strand within a muscle cell. Actin or Myosin

134
Q

Myosin

A

Thick protein myofilaments in a muscle sarcomere.

135
Q

Actin

A

Thin protein myofilaments in muscle sarcomere.

136
Q

Z line

A

Separates sarcomere. Where Actin anchors.

137
Q

M line

A

Center where myosin attaches.

138
Q

A band

A

Thick myosin overlapping with thin filaments.

139
Q

I bands

A

Thin myosin filaments. Extend between sacomeres to Z line.

140
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Cord-like tendon or broad flat sheet which attaches muscle to bone.

141
Q

Retinaculi

A

Support straps to hold tendon in place.

142
Q

Tenoperiosteal junction

A

Tissue zone where a tendon transitions and weaves into the periosteum to attach to the bone.

143
Q

Musculotendinous junction

A

Tissue zone where muscle transitions to tendon.

144
Q

Strain

A

Injury cause by a stretch or tear to a muscle or tendon.

145
Q

Sprain

A

Injury caused by a stretch or tear to a ligament.

146
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical released by a neuron that transmits an impulse to another neuron or to an effector cell.

147
Q

Threshold stimulus

A

Minimum amount of stimulus required to provoke a response.

148
Q

All-or-none response

A

Principle stating all muscle fibers in a motor unit must contract when threshold stimulus is applied.

149
Q

Direct Phosphorylation

A

Method of energy production in which a phosphate group is broken off creatine phosphate and added to ADP to create ATP.

150
Q

Glycosis

A

An anaerobic metabolic process in which Glucose is broken down and turned into pyruvic acid.

151
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

Method of energy production that occurs without the presence of oxygen.

152
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Iron containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from lungs to tissues.

153
Q

Myoglobin

A

Oxygen transporting protein of muscle. Provides immediate source of O2 when needed. Exists in sarcoplasm.

154
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Contraction that increases tension but doesn’t create movement.

155
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Contraction that creates movement.

156
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens.

157
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens.

158
Q

Muscle cramp

A

Acute involuntary muscle contraction that can last for several minutes.

159
Q

Muscle spasm

A

Involuntary muscle contraction sustained over hours, days, weeks, or months.

160
Q

Tetanic contraction

A

Non-productive contraction in which the muscle is bombarded with constant stimuli causing a sustained contraction of multiple fibres.

161
Q

Parallel muscle

A

Muscle whose fibres run parallel and are all the same length. Tendons at the ends of muscle. Wide ROM

Fusiform, Circular, Triangular

162
Q

Pennate muscle

A

Muscle with shorter fibers that run in an oblique line to attach to a central tendon. Powerful contraction. Small ROM.

163
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle generating most of the power for a motion.

164
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that opposes the movement of the agonist.

165
Q

Synergist

A

Muscle that assists the agonist.

166
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Reflex mechanism which coordinates the effort between agonist and antagonist.

167
Q

Range of motion

A

The degrees of movement in a synovial joint.

168
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increasing in size and bulk.

169
Q

Atrophy

A

Decreasing in size and bulk.

170
Q

Hypertonic

A

Excessive muscle tension.

A&P 1 (2 decks)

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