Midterm Review Flashcards
Cell
Basic building block of the body; least complex level of organization
Tissue
Group of like cells working together
Organ
Group of tissues working together to accomplish specific tasks
System
Group of organs working together to accomplish a specific set of tasks
Organism
Living thing that functions as a whole and is able to:
Use nutrients, Excrete waste, Move, Grow, Respond and adapt to changes in environment, and Reproduce
Arth- or Arthro-
Joints
Infra-
Beneath
Intra-
Within; inside
Negative Feedback
Most common homeostatic control mechanism;
The effector response counteracts the original stimulus.
Positive feedback
Least common homeostatic control mechanism;
Response to stimulus is sustained until no longer needed.
Holistic approach
Health and wellness concept;
Physical body, cognitive process, and emotional/spiritual aspects are inseparable parts of a whole and integrated person.
Physiological effect
Specific, Objective, Quantifiable changes in the body’s structure and/or function
Structural effects
Physical changes created by manual therapy
Digestive system
Body system that ingests food, converts it to a form the body can use, absorbs nutrients into circulation, and eliminates solid wastes.
Reproductive system
Body system consisting of gonads and accessory organs responsible for male and female sexual characteristics and reproductive processes
Urinary system
Body system involved in elimination of fluid wastes and the regulation of water and electrolyte balance.
Respiratory system
Body system made up of the lungs and air passages involved in exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the blood.
Cardiovascular system
Body system made of the heart and blood vessels
Effector
Target cell, tissue, or organ which responds to a specific stimulus.
Receptor
Sensory organs sensitive to specific stimuli
Stimulus
Internal or external change that produces a response
Antebrachial
Body region including the forearm. Between the Cubital/Antecubital and Carpal regions.
Otic
Region of the body encompassing the ears.
Chronic
Gradual or long-term onset
Lateral
Further from the midline
Medial
Closer to the midline
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the midline
Contralateral
On opposite sides of the midline
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity containing lungs and heart. Most superior of the Ventral cavities.
Abdominopelvic cavity
Inferior of the 2 ventral cavities. Contains all abdominopelvic organs inferior to the diaphragm.
Cranial cavity
Cavity of the skull. Houses brain and other tissues.
Spinal cavity
Cavity which contains the spinal cord. One of the 2 dorsal cavities.
Atomic number
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Maximum number of electrons in each valence shell (after the first)
8
Atomic mass
Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Correct pairing of purines and pyrimidines in DNA
A-T
C-G
Cation
Atom in an Ionic bond which gives up electrons and therefore has a positive charge.
Anion
Atom in an Ionic bond which gains electrons and therefore has a negative charge.
PH scale
Scale used to measure a compound’s acidity or alkalinity.
Acidic
The quality of having a high number of Hydrogen ions and a pH below 7
Alkaline
The quality of having a high number of Hydroxide ions and a pH above 7
Carbohydrate
Molecular compound containing Hydrogen Oxygen and Carbon atoms. Breaks down into Glucose, which is used for energy.
Glucose
Simple Sugar; short chain of Carbon atoms. Quick energy.
Glycogen
Storage form of Glucose
Lipids
Fats; compound made of Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon atoms. Breaks down into fatty acid and Glycerol.
Microvilli
Hair-like projections from the plasma membrane of certain cells. Increases surface area to aid with absorption in small intestine.
Cilia
Hair-like projections from the plasma membrane of certain cells. Longer than Microvilli. Helps to move or brush.
Integral membrane proteins
Proteins in the plasma membrane. Monitor internal and external environment, shuttle nutrients and wastes across membrane, directs cellular responses.
Ribosomes
Organelle that synthesizes proteins
Golgi apparatus
Organelle which processes and packages proteins and lipids.
Lysosomes
Digestive enzymes that destroy foreign substances and digest worn out cell structures.
Cytoskeleton
Protein structure which forms shape and structure of cells
Nucleus
Organelle which contains DNA
Intracellular fluid
Fluid inside cells
Extracellular fluid
Fluid present outside of cells
Interstitial fluid
Fluid between cells in tissue that is not blood or lymph
Interstitium
Space between cells in a tissue
Passive transport
Cellular transport mechanism that does not require the use of energy.
Diffusion
Passive transport mechanism in which substances move according to gradient; from higher concentration to lower.
Facilitated diffusion
Passive transport mechanism where carrier molecules in the cell membrane assist in moving specific substances across the plasma membrane.
Anabolism
Process of storing a nutrient for later use or of using it to repair and build new tissue
Catabolism
Any chemical process the body uses to break down nutrients to release energy.
Mitosis
Process of cell division in which the nucleus divides to creat an identical cell
Cytokinesis
Separation of the cytoplasm during cell division. Final stage.
Meiosis
Cellular division of sex cells
Epithelium
Tissue type which functions to line, cover, secrete, and protect. Avascular.
Avascular
Without blood vessels
Glial cells
Type of cell in the nervous system which protects and supports the neurons.
Elastin
Protein that makes up the elastic fibres found in connective tissue.
Ground substance
Intercellular fluid component of all connective tissues.
Adhesion
Point in connective tissue where fibers are bound together and/or where ground substance is thick and stiff.
Thixotropy
Ability of a substance to shift between a semisolid and liquid state.
Meissner corpuscles
Sensory receptors in the papillary zone sensitive to vibration and light touch.
Hair root plexus
Sensory receptors in the reticular layer which responds to movement of hair.
Merkel discs
Sensory receptors in the papillary zone sensitive to light touch.
Ruffini corpuscles
Sensory receptors in the reticular layer sensitive to deep touch and pressure.
Burn that effects all layers of the epidermis
3rd degree burn
Ulcer
Localized lesion in the skin or mucous membrane
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common type of skin cancer.
Malignant melanoma
Most serious type of skin cancer that is particularly aggressive and can be fatal.
Epidermis
Superficial stratified epithelial tissue layer of the skin. External layer.
Dermis
Connective tissue layer of the skin. Contains nerve endings, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and blood and lymph vessels.
Hypodermis
Fat and areolar connective tissue that lies between the dermis and underlying tissues and organs.
Tubercle
Small bump on a bone
Facet
Small flat articular surface on a bone.
Foramen
Hole or opening in a bone for nerves or blood vessels.
Synovial diarthrotic
Freely movable joint
Dorsiflexion
Flexing the ankle
Axial
The portion of the skeleton made up of the bones in the skull, spine, and torso.
Appendicular
The portion of the skeleton made up of the bones of the limbs.
Remodeling
Cycle of breaking down and rebuilding bones. Carried out by osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Resorption
Process of breaking down bone tissue.
Deposition
Formation of new bone.
Osteoblasts
Bone building cell.
Osteoclasts
Bone cells that break down bone tissue.
Osteocytes
Bone cells.
Osteogenic
Producing bone.
Chondrocyte
Cartilage cell
Osteon
Basic structural unit of compact bone.
Lamellae
Bony plate that surrounds the haversian canal in an Osteon.
Lacuna
Small cavity or chamber that houses an osteocyte or a chondrocyte
Canaliculi
Network of channels in dense bone tissue.
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone.
Medullary cavity
Hollow channel in the diaphysis which contains the marrow.
Epiphysis
End portion of a long bone.
Metaphysis
The flared area in a long bone which connects the diaphysis whith the Epiphysis.
Lordotic curve
Concave curve of the cervical and lumbar spine.
Kyphotic curve
Convex curve of the thoracic and sacral spine.
Fibrous joint
Type of joint in which the bone ends are held together with connective tissue.
Usually synarthrotic.
Cartilaginous joints
Type of joint that allows partial movement in which there is a cartilage disk between bone surfaces. Amphiarthrotic.
Synovial joint
Joint with a fibrous capsule and synovial lining that allows free movement. Diarthrotic.
Articular cartilage
Connective tissue that covers the articulating surfaces of the bones in a synovial joint.
Joint capsule
Fibrous connective tissue sleeve around bone ends in synovial joints.
Synovial membrane
Thin connective tissue lining of the fibrous capsule in diarthrotic joints and bursa.
Bursa
Small synovial fluid filled sac found in some synovial joints.
Saddle joint
Synovial joint shaped like a saddle.
Ball and socket joint
Synovial joint in which the rounded end of one bone fits into a socket-like depression in another bone.
Gliding joint
Synovial joint with facets that slide across each other.
Osteoarthritis
Joint disease caused by wear and tear due to injury, normal activities, or age.
Most common in weight bearing joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune condition which affects the joints.
Gout
Collection of uric acid crystals around joint.
Excitable
Having the ability to react to a stimulus.
Extensible
Having the ability to stretch.
Elastic
Having the ability to return to its original shape after stretched.
Epimysium
Fibrous connective tissue layer surrounding entire muscle
Perimysium
Thin connective tissue layer surrounding each fascicle.
Endomysium
Fine connective tissue layer surrounding a muscle fiber.
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.
Sarcomere
Contractile unit of a muscle fiber.
Sarcoplasm
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber. Stores Calcium.
Myofibril
Cylindrical organelle in a muscle fiber. Made of myofilaments.
Myofilament
Thin protein strand within a muscle cell. Actin or Myosin
Myosin
Thick protein myofilaments in a muscle sarcomere.
Actin
Thin protein myofilaments in muscle sarcomere.
Z line
Separates sarcomere. Where Actin anchors.
M line
Center where myosin attaches.
A band
Thick myosin overlapping with thin filaments.
I bands
Thin myosin filaments. Extend between sacomeres to Z line.
Aponeurosis
Cord-like tendon or broad flat sheet which attaches muscle to bone.
Retinaculi
Support straps to hold tendon in place.
Tenoperiosteal junction
Tissue zone where a tendon transitions and weaves into the periosteum to attach to the bone.
Musculotendinous junction
Tissue zone where muscle transitions to tendon.
Strain
Injury cause by a stretch or tear to a muscle or tendon.
Sprain
Injury caused by a stretch or tear to a ligament.
Neurotransmitter
Chemical released by a neuron that transmits an impulse to another neuron or to an effector cell.
Threshold stimulus
Minimum amount of stimulus required to provoke a response.
All-or-none response
Principle stating all muscle fibers in a motor unit must contract when threshold stimulus is applied.
Direct Phosphorylation
Method of energy production in which a phosphate group is broken off creatine phosphate and added to ADP to create ATP.
Glycosis
An anaerobic metabolic process in which Glucose is broken down and turned into pyruvic acid.
Anaerobic metabolism
Method of energy production that occurs without the presence of oxygen.
Hemoglobin
Iron containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from lungs to tissues.
Myoglobin
Oxygen transporting protein of muscle. Provides immediate source of O2 when needed. Exists in sarcoplasm.
Isometric contraction
Contraction that increases tension but doesn’t create movement.
Isotonic contraction
Contraction that creates movement.
Concentric contraction
Isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens.
Eccentric contraction
Isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens.
Muscle cramp
Acute involuntary muscle contraction that can last for several minutes.
Muscle spasm
Involuntary muscle contraction sustained over hours, days, weeks, or months.
Tetanic contraction
Non-productive contraction in which the muscle is bombarded with constant stimuli causing a sustained contraction of multiple fibres.
Parallel muscle
Muscle whose fibres run parallel and are all the same length. Tendons at the ends of muscle. Wide ROM
Fusiform, Circular, Triangular
Pennate muscle
Muscle with shorter fibers that run in an oblique line to attach to a central tendon. Powerful contraction. Small ROM.
Agonist
Muscle generating most of the power for a motion.
Antagonist
Muscle that opposes the movement of the agonist.
Synergist
Muscle that assists the agonist.
Reciprocal inhibition
Reflex mechanism which coordinates the effort between agonist and antagonist.
Range of motion
The degrees of movement in a synovial joint.
Hypertrophy
Increasing in size and bulk.
Atrophy
Decreasing in size and bulk.
Hypertonic
Excessive muscle tension.
