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Fundamentals Of Biology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organization of life?

A

Atom, Molecules, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

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2
Q

Which level is the most inclusive?

A

Biosphere

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3
Q

Which level is the least inclusive?

A

Atom

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4
Q

Which level includes non-living substances like soil and rivers?

A

Ecosystem

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5
Q

Which level includes only members of the same species?

A

Population

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6
Q

Which level includes members of many species?

A

Community

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7
Q

How are species named?

A

Homo. Sapiens

Genus. Species

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8
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Eukarya, Eubacteria, Archaea

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9
Q

Cells in which domains do not have nuclei?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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10
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

Cell

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11
Q

What are producers?

A

Make their own food using energy and raw materials from non biological resources (photosynthesis)

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12
Q

What are consumers?

A

Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms (mammals)

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13
Q

In which domain are halophiles classified?

A

Eubacteria and archaea

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14
Q

Are halophiles prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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15
Q

What are some examples of unicellular organisms?

A

E.coli, bacteria, protists

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16
Q

What are some examples of multicellular organisms?

A

Plants and animals

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17
Q

In science, what is a control group?

A

Group not exposed to the independent variable being tested

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18
Q

In science, what is an experimental group?

A

Group of individuals who have certain characteristics or receive a certain treatment

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19
Q

What is a scientific theory?

A

A hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing

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20
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Testable explanation for a natural phenomenon

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21
Q

How do you reduce bias in a study?

A

Use a blind study

By designing experiments that yield quantitative results

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22
Q

What is a bias, and how can scientists avoid it?

A

Bias is a preference for or against one idea, thing, or person. Scientists can avoid bias by conducting blind studies

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23
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

The tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in their valence shells

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24
Q

What determines the identity of an atom?

A

Basically the atomic number

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25
Q

How do you determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons?

A

Protons are the same as the atomic number
Electrons are the same as protons and neutrons
Neutrons are the atomic mass subtracted from the atomic number

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26
Q

How do you determine the number of valence electrons in an element?

A

By what group they fall under in the periodic table

27
Q

How can an atom become an ion?

A

When an atom loses or gains an electron

28
Q

Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located in an atom?

A

The nucleus

29
Q

What is an isotope? How can one element have more that one isotope?

A

Same atom, different number of neutrons

30
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Atoms with more or less electrons than protons

31
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing an electron pair between two atoms

32
Q

What kind of bonds link amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

33
Q

What kind of reaction is used to break down polymers into monomers?

A

A hydrolysis reaction

34
Q

What factors limit cell size?

A
35
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Community of different types of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime

36
Q

What kind of cells can have flagella?

A

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

37
Q

What is cell theory?

A

One of the foundations of modern biology

38
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes?

A

A cell membrane can be considered a two-dimensional fluid of mixed composition

39
Q

What cells organelles are found in ALL cells?

A

Golgi bodies, mitochondria, and ER

40
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To function as a selectively permeable barrier separating an internal environment from an external one

41
Q

What is the endomembrane structure?

A

Series of interacting organelles between the nucleus and plasma membrane

42
Q

What is the endomembrane function?

A

Make and modify lipids, proteins, and recycles molecules and particles such as worn out cell parts, and inactivates toxins

43
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A

Hereditary info is passed to offspring
Adaptation to environmental change
Requirements for nutrients

44
Q

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

A

They absorb the nutrients around them

45
Q

How many electrons can the first and second valence shells hold?

A

The first shell can hold 2 and the second shell can hold 8

46
Q

What is the difference between a solvent, solute, and solution?

A

Solvent- the material that usually decides the solutions physical state
Solute- the product that the solvent dissolves
Solution- the “equivalent”

47
Q

What is a glycogen?

A

A polysaccharide used for energy storage by animals

48
Q

What are the types of lipids?

A

Triglyceride, phospholipid, and sterols

49
Q

What is a sampling error and how can you minimize it?

A

Sampling errors are not providing enough samples during a study. You can avoid this by ensuring you have an appropriate sample size for your study.

50
Q

What are hydrophobic interactions? What role do they play in cell membranes?

A

The tendency of non polar molecules to aggregate in water solutions

51
Q

What is the relationship between a population and community?

A

A population is a group of individuals that belong to a particular species, living in a particular geographical area at a particular time. On the other hand, a community is two or more populations, living in the same geographical area at a particular time.

52
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Process by which an organism keeps it’s internal conditions within a range that favors survival by sending and responding to change

53
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The breakdown of large molecules by enzymes and the addition of water

54
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

A nutrient is a substance necessary for survival that an organism cannot make itself

55
Q

Is there a one way flow of nutrients or are they cycled?

A

Energy flows one way

Nutrients are cycled

56
Q

How are two strands of DNA held together?

A

By hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases (A-T, C-G)

57
Q

What is the composition of a triglyceride?

A

Glycerol fatty acid chains

58
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Fatty acid chains that have a single bond

59
Q

Where are saturated fats found naturally?

A

Red meats or dairy products

60
Q

Are saturated fats usually liquid or solid at room temperature?

A

Solid

61
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Contain one or more double bonds

62
Q

Where are unsaturated fats found naturally?

A

Food from plants such as vegetable oil and seeds

63
Q

Are unsaturated fats usually liquid or solid at room temperature?

A

Liquid

Fundamentals Of Biology (2 decks)

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