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Fundamentals Of Biology > Finals Review > Flashcards

Finals Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic steps of replication?

A
  1. The opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands
  2. The priming of the template strand
  3. The assembly of the new DNA segment
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2
Q

What is the role of the helicase?

A

To unwind the strands of DNA

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3
Q

What is the role of the primer?

A

It shows the polymerase where to create the strand

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4
Q

What is the role of polymerase?

A

It creates the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA

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5
Q

What is the role of ligase?

A

It brings out the ligation of DNA or another substance

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6
Q

Guanine pairs with?

A

Cytosine

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7
Q

Cytosine pairs with?

A

Guanine

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8
Q

If guanine makes up 25% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent do the rest make?

A

In this case, 25% each (whatever percentage A-T, C-G MUST be the same percentage)

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9
Q

What type of bond links the nitrogenous based together from opposing strands?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

What are histones?

A

“Spools” of proteins that the DNA strands wrap around inside chromosome

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11
Q

What are mutations?

A

When a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by the gene

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12
Q

What is the semi conservative model of DNA replication?

A

One strand of each molecule is parental (old) and the other is new. (the 2 strands will never see each other again)

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13
Q

What is a gene?

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from a parent to a child

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14
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

Short strands of DNA that link together to create one

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15
Q

Is DNA usually double stranded or single stranded?

A

Double stranded

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16
Q

During transcription, what is the template and what is the product?

A

Template: DNA
Product: mRNA

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17
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A

It carries information

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18
Q

What is the role of tRNA?

A

It delivers amino acids to ribosome during translation

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19
Q

What is the role of rRNA?

A

It joins with proteins to form intact ribosomes

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20
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase?

A

It adds nucleotides to the end of a growing RNA strand

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21
Q

Is RNA usually double stranded or single stranded?

A

Single stranded

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22
Q

During transcription, which RNA nucleotide pairs with DNA’s adenine?

A

Uracil

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23
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The appearance in a phenotype of a characteristic or effect attributed to a particular gene

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24
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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25
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

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26
Q

What is an exon?

A

A code for proteins

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27
Q

What is an intron?

A

Noncoding

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28
Q

What is deletion?

A

A type of mutation in which one or more nucleotides are lost in DNA

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29
Q

What is substitution?

A

A type of mutation in which a single base pair changes

30
Q

What is insertion?

A

A type of mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added

31
Q

Are mutations in exons or introns more likely to result in an altered protein?

A

Exons

32
Q

Are mutations permanent or temporary changes in the DNA sequence?

A

Permanent

33
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

Discovered DNA is hereditary material

34
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

Used X-ray crystallography to study DNA structure

35
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Discovery of DNA double helix

36
Q

Erwin Chargaff

A

Discovered the relationship between DNA bases

37
Q

What are HeLa cells? Where did they come from? What kind of cells are they? Why are they used?

A

They are cells from a lady who had cancer. They were used without her consent and are used for the polio vaccine, virus research, and cancer research

38
Q

What are the cells cycle stages? Which stage is specifically part of mitosis?

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

39
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Image of an individual complement of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, and centromere location

40
Q

What chromosome pairs are assigned female?

A

X,X

41
Q

What chromosome pairs are assigned male?

A

X,Y

42
Q

What is the total number of chromosomes in humans?

A

46

43
Q

What is an autosome?

A

Paired chromosomes with the same length, shape, centromere location, and genes

44
Q

What is a sex chromosome?

A

Members of a pair of chromosomes that differ between males and females

45
Q

What is nondusjunction, and when does it occur?

A

When chromosomes fail to separate. It happens in meiosis

46
Q

In which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

A

S phase

47
Q

What is Down syndrome caused by?

A

An extra chromosome

48
Q

What is Marfans syndrome?

A

A genetic condition that affects the body’s connective tissue

49
Q

What part of the DNA might be the only physiological barrier to immortality?

A

Telomeres

50
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

Any gene that helps transform a normal cell into a tumor cell

51
Q

What is a tumor suppressor?

A

A type of gene that makes a protein

52
Q

What is a tumor?

A

An uncontrollable growth resulting in an abnormal accumulation of cells

53
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrollable growth of cells that can invade other tissues and organs

54
Q

What does benign mean?

A

Non cancerous

55
Q

What does malignant mean?

A

Cancer

56
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Having identical alleles of a gene

57
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Having two different alleles of a gene

58
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The particular set of alleles carried by an individual

59
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

An individuals observable traits

60
Q

What is a dominant trait?

A

Allele that masks the affects of a recessive allele on the homologous chromosome

61
Q

What is a recessive trait?

A

Allele with an effect that is masked by dominant allele

62
Q

Shaded square

A

Affected male

63
Q

Shaded circle

A

Affected female

64
Q

Clear square

A

Non affected male

65
Q

Clear circle

A

Non affected female

66
Q

Shape that is half shaded and half clear

A

Carrier

67
Q

What is a mono hybrid cross?

A

A cross in which individuals with different alleles of a gene are crossed

68
Q

What is a codominance?

A

Inheritance pattern in which the full and separate phenotype effects of two alleles are apparent in heterozygous individuals

69
Q

How do X- linked disorders work?

A

Male must inherit only one allele to be affected by the disorder a female must inherit two

70
Q

What is a polyploidy trait?

A

Having three or more of each type of chromosome characteristics of the species

71
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

A pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes affect one trait

Fundamentals Of Biology (2 decks)

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