Midterm Quiz Flashcards
Humanist Perspective theorists?
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Humanist Perspective–
Main theorist(s)?
Beliefs?
Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
Stress individual choice and free will
We choose our behaviors guided by physiological/emotional/spiritual needs
Psychoanalytic Perspective
“Unconscious mind” controls us with impulses and memories.
To study, we must examine unconscious mind through::
Dream analysis, therapy
Biopsychology (Neuroscience) Perspective
Explains strictly in terms of biological processes::
Genes
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Evolutionary Perspective
Natural selection of psychological traits.
Therefore passing on of those traits
Behavioral Perspective
CONDITIONING!!!
Behaviors - reactions
Cognitive Perspective
How we interpret, process, and remember environmental events.
Social-Cultural Perspective
Society/cultural effect on person
Hindsight Bias
I knew it all along
Operational Definition
Explaining how you will measure something in a research
Random assignment
Each participant has equal chance of being placed into any group
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that travel between neurons
Synapse
Gap between neurons
Action potential
Electric message firing down the length of a neuron
All or non principle
Neurons will either fire completely or does not fire
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary muscles/ controllable
Autonomic nervous system
Controls automatic functions of body
Sympathetic nervous system
In response to stress, accelerates functions (ex. Heart rate)
The “alert system”
Parasympathetic nervous system
Slows down body after stress
“Brake pedal”
Brain lateralization
Aka Hemispheric specialization
Specialization of function in each hemisphere
Brain plasticity
Brain is somewhat plastic or flexible.
Other parts of brain can adapt to perform other tasks
Transduction
Transforming signals into neural impulses
Sensory adaptation
Decreasing responsiveness to stimuli b/c constant stimulation
NOT sensory habituation
Feature detectors
What impulses activate once they get to the brain
Gate control theory
Some pain messages have higher priority than others
Absolute threshold
Smallest amount of stimulus we can detect
Difference threshold
Smallest amount if change needed in a stimulus before we detect a change
Webers law
States that change needed is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus
Top down processing
Using what we already know to process a perception
Perceptual set
Predisposition to perceive something in a certain way
Bottom up processing
Opposite of top down
Freudian dream interpretation
Important tool in therapy. Method to uncover the repressed info in unconscious mind
Activation synthesis dream theory
Dreaming is merely brain’s interpretation within sleep
Information processing dream theory
Brain deals with daily stress and information during dream
Posthypnotic amnesia
Forgetting events of hypnosis
Post hypnotic suggestion
Suggestion that person behaves a certain way the hypnotist tells
Role theory of hypnosis
People are acting out the role of hypnotized person
State theory of hypnosis
Z
dissociation theory of hypnosis
Hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily
By researcher Ernest Hilgard
Agonists
Psychoactive drugs that mimic and produce same effect as certain neurotransmitters
Antagonists
Drugs that block Neurotransmitters
Classical conditioning
Stimulus -> Response
Unconditioned stimulus
Original stimulus that elicits response
Unconditioned response
Response to U.S.
Conditioned stimulus
Made up stimulus to elicit response
Conditioned response
Response to C.S.
Operant conditioning
Learning based on consequences
Behavior -> consequence
Positive reinforcement
Giving a good thing
Negative reinforcement
Taking away a bad thing
Positive punishment
Presenting a bad thing
Negative punishment
Taking away a good thing
Cross sectional research
Uses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables may change over life span
Longitudinal research
Researches one group over longggg time
Secure attachments
Infants distressed when parents leave, and come to them when they return
Avoidant attachments
Infants very independent. Will explore alone, and will not come back to parents when they return
Anxious/ambivalent attachments
Extreme stress when parents leave, and resist being comforted when they return.
Authoritarian parents
Strict standards for children
Punishment used more often than reinforcement
Permissive parents
No clear guidelines for children
Authoritative parents
Consistent standards for children but are also reasonable.
Between authoritarian and permissive
Assimilation
Incorporating experiences into existing schemata
Accomodation
Cannot assimilate information, so change the schemats
