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AP Psych > 2. Methods > Flashcards

2. Methods Flashcards

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0
Q

Applied research vs Basic research

A

Applied- real world, practical application

Basic - interesting but no immediate application

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1
Q

I knew it all along

A

Hindsight bias

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2
Q

_____ aims to explain some phenomenon and allows researchers to generate testable hypothesis

A

Theory

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3
Q

The “how” part of a research

A

Operational definition

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4
Q

Good research is both _____ and _____

A

Valid and reliable

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5
Q

Process by which participants are selected

A

Sampling

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6
Q

What is the goal in selecting a sample?

A

To be representative of a larger population

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7
Q

What takes place after selection to put participants into separate groups?

A

Assignment

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8
Q

Random sampling vs Stratified sampling

A

Stratified: ratios to represent same proportions

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9
Q

Best method of research and can identify cause-and-effect relationships:

What are two types of this research method?

A

Experiment

Laboratory and field

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10
Q

Any difference between the experimental and control conditions, except for the independent variable, that might affect dependent variable

A

Confounding variable

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11
Q

Each participant has equal chance of being placed into any group

A

Random assignment

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12
Q

What is the other way of assigning other than random assignment? It’s like stratified sampling but in assignment.

A

Group matching

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13
Q

Random assignment ______ for participant-relevant confounding variables.

Equivalent environments ______ for situation-relevant confounding variables.

A

Controls

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14
Q

Unconscious tendency for researchers to treat participants differently

A

Experimenter bias

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15
Q

This procedure can be used to eliminate experimenter bias.

This can be used to eliminate participant bias.

A

Double-blind procedure

Single-blind

16
Q

What is social desirability

A

A response bias, a tendency to try to give answers that reflect well on them

17
Q

Merely selecting a group of people on whom to experiment has been determined to affect the performance of that group. This finding is known as

A

Hawthorne Effect

18
Q

_____________ controls for the possible placebo effect

A

Placebo method

19
Q

Is control group the only method of control?

A

No

20
Q

Order effects can be eliminated by this control method

A

Counterbalancing

22
Q

What is correlation and what does it NOT imply?

A

Relationship between two variables.

Does not imply causation

23
Q

Research method used to get full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants

A

Case study

24
Q

The two types of Descriptive Statistical measures?

A

measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode)

measures of variability (range, variance, and standard deviation)

25
Q

What distorts the accuracy of the mean?

A

outliers

26
Q

positively skewed vs. negatively skewed

A

positive: outlier is higher than average scores, making mean higher than median
negative: outlier is lower than average scores

27
Q

What does the measures of variability attempt to depict

A

the diversity of distribution

28
Q

relationship btwn standard deviation and variance

A

S.D. is square root of variance

29
Q

Both standard deviation and variance essentially relate the avrg distance of any score in the distribution from the mean.
That means, the higher the variance and standard deviation:

A

the more spread out the distribution

30
Q

In normal curve,
__% of scores fall w/in one z score from the mean.
__% fall w/in two z scores
__% fall w/in three z scores

A
  • 68
  • 95
  • 99
31
Q

Correlation Coefficient measures

A

strength of a correlation

32
Q

Opposite of Descriptive Statistics:

A

Inferential Statistics

33
Q

The smaller the p value, the (more/less) significant the results of a study. Scientists decided that p value of .05 is cutoff for _______________ results.

A

more

statistically significant

34
Q

APA Ethical Guidelines for Human Research must meet these standards: (4)

A
  1. No coercion
  2. Informed consent
  3. Anonymity, confidentiality
  4. Debriefing

AP Psych (7 decks)

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