Midterm Quiz 1 Flashcards
Bretton Woods Conference/Institutions
July 1944 Conference between allied nations to determine/create new economic order post WW2
Focused on keynesian economics and liberalization of trade
IMF and World Bank
Grand Alliance
1941-1945
Alliance between USSR, US and Great Britain
Fought the nazis and attempted to create a peaceful post war society
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
1944
Created during Bretton Woods conference with goal to create a more stable monetary and economic system
Institutionalized the politics of productivity while symbolizing US internationalism
Iron Curtain
Speech March 5, 1946 in Fulton Missouri (Churchill)
was a barrier that separated the USSR spheres of influence in eastern Europe with the Western allied spheres
Symbolized the split in Soviet- Western relations
Kennan George
US ambassador to USSR in 1946
Long Telegram outlined his realist belief that the USSR would respond only to power
promoted the pursuit of containment as official US policy
Henry Luce
American businessman and internationalist during WW2 and Post War era
Wrote article “This American Century” in 1940 that advocated for American involvement in the war
Promoted U.S. exceptionalism and need to spread american ideals
Karl Marx/Marxism
1818-1883
German philospher that defined the relationship between capital and labour emphasizing role of the class
Communism as a response/competitor to inequality and unfairness in capitalism system
Novikov Telegram
Sept. 27, 1946
Soviet ambassord to the US that outline soviet self perception as a force to be reckoned with in Europe, ideological alignment of US (world supremacy) and US attitude to USSR (rivals)
Would shape US/USSR relationship and further alienate the two countries
Realism/Realpolitik
IR theory that defines relationship between states in terms of power
Prominent in WW1-WW2 and Post war era evident through kennans long telegram
San Francisco Conference
April 22-June 26 1945
Conference attended by 50 allied naitons to discuss creation of UN
Signified an internationalism in world politics with 4 policement and pursued wilsonian ideals
Woodrow Wilson/Wilsoniansim
1856-1924 28th president
President during WW1 that promoted wilsonian ideals to end future conflicts
Spread of democracy, capitalism and opposed isolationism. Policies that would be adopted during post WW2 era
World Bank
July 1944
Part of Bretton Woods IO’s and aimed at reducing poverty and increasing development
Primary purpose to rebuild Europe and signalized the instutionalization of politics of productivity and US internationalism
Yalta Conference
Feb. 1945
Meeting between the big three (Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin) to discuss the post war Europe
Stalin agrees to free and fair elections a promise that he reniggs on creating animosity
Berlin Airlift
1948-1949
Was an allied endeavor to supply the city of berlin and their citizens following a soviet blockade
Symbolized the strength of the allied/NATO nations and willingness to protect their people– huge PR success
Containment
Post WW2 era policy that was aimed at controlling the spread of communism and their sphere’s of influence
Promoted by George Kennan and Truman Administration
Economic Miracle
Refers to German/Europe’s economic recovery following WW2
Symbolized in American sense the virtue of liberal economics as the only economic doctrine
European Coal and Steel Community
Created by the Treaty of Paris 1952
served to create a common market for coal and steel among member states in Europe with hopes of neutralizing competition
Part of a policy that aimed at rebuilding Germany without giving it too much military strength and saw the occupation of the ruhr valley
European Economic Recovery Plan
1948
American initiative to aid Western Europe to rebuild after WW2. Gave 13B USD in support
Aim was to rebuild industry, modernize and remove trade barriers
Economics of productivity as a means of combating communism
Federal Republic of Germany
Formed in 1949
Was the creation of a partially reunified German state that consisted of the allied bloc
Joined Nato and was a cause for concern in USSR leading to Warsaw pact
German Question
Was the question of what to do with Germany post WW2
Allies wanted to strengthen Germany to reintegrate them into European economoy while USSR wanted to weaken them to ensure they would not be invaded again
Greek Civil War
1946-1949
Was a struggle between leftist revolutionaries and democratic government that saw the US come to the aid of democratic countries fighting communism through the Truman doctrine
Krushcev, Nikita
Was the Secretary of State for the USSR (1953-1964)
Responsible for the destalinization of the USSR
Liberal reforms that aimed less repressive forms of government
Policies aimed at bettering lives of citizens
Kitchen Debate
Kitchen Debate (1959)
Series of casual discussions between Nixon and Khruschev during the American National Exhibition that was taking place in Moscow
Discussions revolved around the nature of communism and capitalism and how modern communism had become
Nixon called for free exchange of ideas while Khruschev totted new Soviet technologies and how far communism had advanced in 50 years
Marshall Plan
1948
An American initiative to aid Western Europe to rebuild after WWII gave 13 Billion USD in support
Aim was to rebuild industry, modernize, remove trade barriers and most of all prevent spread of communism
Was an integral part of the economics of productivity
NATO
Formed in 1949
Comes down to questions/concerns regarding germany in a geopolitical sense
German needs to reintegrated economically to build up european region
Defend Germany from communist threat
Treaty of Rome
Signed March 25 1957 by belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and West Germany
Created the European Economic community that built upon the treaty of Paris and the ECSC leading to the European Economic Community
reduction of customs, duties and created a common market of goods, labour and services
Predecessor to the EU
Truman Doctrine
1947
A statement made by Truman to Congress that pledged the support of Turkey and Greece in their fight against communism
supplied them with financial aid
Symbolized the new policy of containment
Laid the groundwork for NATO and set a precedent to fight communism through financial aid
Harry Truman
33rd president of the U.S. succeeding FDR
In power during final months of WWII that saw the dropping of the atomic bomb and rising tensions with USSR
Known for his promotion of containment and began an internationalist period of american foreign policy
Truman Doctrine and aid to Europe
Bao Dai Government
Recognized March 1950
The french created and loyalist/puppet government set up in South Vietnam
Chinese Civil War
(1945-1949)
Was a war between Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) party
CCP victory led to massive blowback in the states with the “loss of China”, surprised everyone as even Stalin didn’t see communism working in agricultural society
Chinese People’s Volunteers
CPVA was the chinese military force
Fought against the U.S. in korean war that led to pushing back american forces from North Korea back to 38th parrallel
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Established 1948
Was the communist/nationalist party established to fight the imperialist French regime
Founder Kim Jon Ill
Domino Theory
NSC- 68 in 1950
Notion that loss of one country to communism will lead to another country to fall to communism, makes every country vital
Reinforces the idea of global containment as well as set the stage for increase intervention and spending
First Indochina War
(1945-1954)
Ho Chi Minh declares independence against French Imperalism who are being supported by the U.S. ends up defeating Bao DAi government to create a north south divide
Put the US in difficult situation between support their allies/imperialism and support nationalistic parties
Ho Chi Minh
Leader from 1951- 1969
Influential communist leader in Vietnam and establishes the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the northern section of vietnam
Inchon Landing
September 1950
a Brazen counter attack led by General MacArthur that landed behind enemy lines in the Korean War
Effectively cut the supply line of the enemy and led to a massive counter offensive
Indonesian National Revolution
1945-1949
(1945-1949)
Was a nationalist revolution led by Sukarno that faced British and Dutch when tried ot reassert control
US pulled plug on aid to Dutch which led to defeat– showed US view as imperialism as a practice of the past
Kim Jong Il
1972- 1994 (president)
Communist leader in North Korea responsible for establishing the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Kuomintang KMT
Was the democratic/nationalist party of China
Extremely unorganized and very corrupt in the post War era which led to US pulling support and loss to CCP
Loss of China
(1949) Was a political issue following China becoming communist state
Kicks off the Red Scare in the USA as civilians questioned state department failures
MacArthur, Douglas
General of the US forces in Asia, basically ruler of Japan
Leads the US forces in Korean war (Inchon) but was too cocky and disobeyed Trumans orders of not pushing too far north
Got too close to Chinese so they counter attacked– led to his dismissal from Truman
Mao Zedong
Leader of Communist China from 1949-1976
Revolutionary Leader of the CCP in China during Chinese Civil War and leader of communist state that followed
Marshall, George
Secretary of State for Harry Truman 1947-1949
Creator of the Marshall Plan: economic aid to europe to rebuild infrastructure and industry
Marshall Mission in 1945-1947: KMT and CCP meetings
Marshall Mission
(1945-1947)
Diplomatic mission when George Marshall was sent ot meet with KMT and CCP parties
Comes back dissillusioned with KMT and tells Truman not to sink too many resources into organization
NSC-68
April 1950
Was a direct response to the fall of China and USSR atomic bomb testing,
Government memo that globalized the policy of containment
Established the domino theory and increased defense spending
People’s Republic of China (PRC)
Declared on October 1949
Was the first agricultural society to go through the communist revolution after KMT were essentially beaten off mainland china
Surprised the world with success of communism in an agricultural society
Renville Agreement
1948
Was the UN Brokered agreement that unsuccessful in mitigating the dispute between Netherlands and Indonesian Independence Revolution
Symbolized the US belief in imperialism as a dying regime
Republic of Korea
1948
Was the American/Democratic regime established in South Korea following split with North Korea
Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty
1950
Relationship that established ties between Stalin and Mao Ze Dong
Stalin initially hesitant to give resources to Mao, but after realizing how well organized they are/possibility of success he provides resources
Sukarno
Nationalist leader of Indonesia and president form 1945-1967
Led the nationalist movement in Indonesia following WW2 that led to a decleration of indpendence from Netherlands in 1945
Syngman Rhee
President of South Korea 1948-1960
Was the first president of the Republic of Korea nation
Vietnamese Workers’ Party
Led by Ho Chi Minh
Was the communist party in North Vietnam
Arbenz, Guzman
President of Guatemala from 1951-1954
Was overthrown in a Coup led by the CIA after nationalizing Guatemalan agricultural firms and planning land redistribution
Aswan Dam
Constructed in Egypt with soviet help in 1960 to help provide electricity to egypt
Was a dam that was funded by the USSR as a means of strengthening relations with egypt.
Helped USSR show that they were interested in development of underdeveloped states
Bandung Conference
April 1956
Asian and African heads of states met to discuss need for economic development and to denounce the cold war
Was one of the first international conferences that was not attended by european/western nations
Food for Peace/PL-480
July 10 1954
Program that eased the developing nations access to american food/agricultural producst.
Part of the hearts and minds campaign to win over less developed countries
Guatemalan Coup,
1954
Following Arbenz Guzman nationalizing agricultural firms and issuing land redistribution CIA orchestrates Coup D’etats
More forthright intervention of the US when economic policies did not meet american aims
Iran Coup
1953
Mohammad Mossadeq begins to nationalize oil companies in Iran
Doesn’t fit US belief in privatization so the CIA organize a Coup D’etats
Modernization Theory
Was a theory proposed by Walt Rostow
Claimed a theoretical frame that states the US represents the cutting edge of modernity, US bring every other country into modernity
Mossadeq, Muhammad
Prime Minister of Iran in the early fifties
Was overthrown in a Coup D’Etats following his nationalization of the oil companies (1953)
Nasser, Gamal Abdel
President of Egypt
President during the suez Canal crisis in 1956
Promoted the non-aligned movement
Nkrumah, Kwame
Was the Ghanaian President from 1957 - 1966
Pushed for the funding of the Volta River Dam project that was supported by the US government
Illustrated how developing countries could play US/USSR off each other to get development money
Nonaligned Movement
Was a movement of underdeveloped countries who stated they wanted to be neither communist or capitalist
Argued for the self determination and right not for the US/USSR to interfere in domestic politics– no more coups
Prebisch, Raul
Argentinian Economist who was a pioneer of development economics
Romero, Carlos
President of El Salvador in late 70s early 80s
Overthrown in a Coup by leftist revolutionaries who began to nationalize industries and planned to introduce land reform
Rostow, Walt
1916-2003
US Academian who created Modernization Theory
Author of “Stages of Economic Growth: An Anti-communist Manifesto”
Suez Crisis
1956
Britain and Israel create plot that involves attacking Israel so that Britain and
France can regain control of the Suez Canal
U.S. steps in and makes the British/French pull out through economic sanctions– symbolizes the shift of power as US decides what can and can’t be done
Three Muskateers of Nonalignment
Jawaharial Nehru, Sukarno and Gamal and Abdel Nasser
Stated that developing states should not have to choose between soviet and american blocs and could pursue self determination– bigger states to stop bullying them
no more coups
UNCTAD
UN conference on Trade and Development in 1964
Created a new organization that was solely focused on development issues
Volta River dam
Dam built in Ghana with help from US government to build Ghanaian infrastructure
Part of the hearts and mind campaign of the US to illustrate their support for developing countries
