MIDTERM-QUIZ 1 Flashcards
• one of the oldest known germicides in use today
Iodine
2% solution of iodine in 50% alcohol with NaI
Iodine Tincture
5% iodine in water with KI
Lugol’s Solution / Strong Iodine Solution
2% iodine in water with NaI
Iodine Solution
• are present to solubilize the iodine and reduce its volatility
Inorganic Iodide Salts
probably acts to inactivate proteins by iodination of aromatic residues and oxidation
MOA of Iodine
• complexes of iodine and non-ionic surfactants
• such complexes retain the germicidal properties of iodine and also reduce its volatility and essentially remove its irritant properties
Iodophors
• used as an aqueous solution for pre-surgical disinfection of the incision site
• used to treat wounds and damage to the skin and effective for local bacterial and fungal infections
Povidone-Iodine
Other names of Povidone-Iodine
• Betadine®
• Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-Iodine
• release of hypochlorous acid (HClO)
• chlorination of amide nitrogen atoms and
• oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in proteins
MOA of Chlorine-Containing Compounds
• used to disinfect drinking water (esp. water fountain)
• uses small percentage only
Halazone
• used to disinfect pools
• contains CuS04, Lime, Water
Bordeaux Mixture
Used to disinfect wounds, as :
•for packing for dental caries (pasta sa teeth)
•for lavage (disinfection for surgery)
•for irrigation (for surgery debris)
Chloroazodin
• Chloroazodin
• used as wound dressing
Glyceryltriacetate solution
• used to treat localized infections to remove necrotic tissue from massive infections or radiation necrosis
• to counteract odorous discharges
• to act as an irritant, and to disinfect cysts and fistulas
Oxychlorosene Sodium
• quaternary ammonium compounds that ionize in water and exhibit surface-active properties
• inactivated by soaps and other anion detergents
• tissue constituents, blood, serum, and pus tend to reduce the effectiveness of these substances
Cationic Surfactants
To adsorb onto surface of the bacterial cell, at which they cause lysis
MOA of Cationic Surfactants
• Merthiolate® - New
• used as detergent, emulsifying agent and wetting agent
• used with sodium nitrate as a preservative
Benzalkonium Chloride
• Diaparene®
• used specifically for the treatment of diaper rash in infants caused by Bacterium ammoniagenes (causes liberation of ammonia in decomposed urine)
Methylbenzethonium Chloride
• used as a general antiseptic
• available form: throat lozenges and mouthwashes
• FDA approved for the treatment of gingivitis
Cetylpyridinium Chloride
• Bactidol®, Chlorhex®, Hibiclens®
• In Ph- Bactidol® is Hexetidine
• used as irrigation solution and as mouthwash
• not absorbed through skin or mucous membrane and does not cause systemic toxicity
Chlorhexedine gluconate
• cationic dyes are active against gram-positive bacteria and many fungi
• gram-negative bacteria are generally resistant
• coloring agent, anti- septic/ disinfectant
Dyes
• Other names:
Crystal violet, hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride, methyl violet, methyl rosaniline chloride
• primary dye in gram-staining
• available as vaginal suppositories for the treatment of yeast infections (pessaries)
• available as topical solutions for the treatment of cutaneous “Candida albicans” infections
• used orally as an anthelmintic for
“strongyloides” and “oxyuriasis”
Gentian Violet
• ingredient of carbol-fuchsin solution
(Castellani’s paint)
• used topically in the treatment of fungal infections, such as ringworm and athlete’s foot
• used in Acid-Fast as primary stain
Basic Fuchsin
• antidote for cyanide poisoning
• in high concentrations, it promotes the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which because of its high affinity for cyanide ion diverts it from inactivating cytochrome C oxidase
• in low concentrations, it is used to treat drug-induced methemoglobinemia
• used for the treatment of cystitis and urethritis
• bacteriostatic
Methylene Blue
• “Mad Hatter Disease” “Erethism”
• a neurological disease caused by severe mercury poisoning
Minamata Disease
• this is reversible by thiol-containing compounds such as CYSTEINE and DIMERCAPROL
• used as antiseptic, disinfectant and preservatives
Mercury Compounds/Mercurials
It reacts with SULFHYDRYL (-SH) groups in enzymes and other proteins
MOA of Mercury Compounds/Mercurials
• Corrosive sublimate
• HgCl2
(has higher charge with mercurous chloride)
Mercuric Chloride
• Calomel
• Hg2Cl2
Mercurous Chloride
• HgNH2Cl
• White precipitate
• used for skin infections
Ammoniated Mercury
• was once a very popular antiseptic for skin and ocular infections
Nitromersol
• Merthiolate® - old
• weak bacteriostatic antiseptic that is applied topically in ointments or aqueous solutions
Thimerosal
• What are the 3 iodine preparations official in the USP
- Iodine Tincture
- Lugol’s Solution/ Strong Iodine Solution
- Iodine Solution
