Midterm Questions Flashcards
A manned submersible which has gone to the greatest depths
Trieste
An air breathing deep sea animal which feeds down to 2 km
Sperm whale
First scientist to descent to the greatest depth in the ocean
William Beebe
Oldest US oceanographic institution
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Animals found at the greatest depths
amphipods, sea cucumbers, sea anemones
In open ocean, the lowest O2 is usually found where
Less than 1000 m
Species livng at the greatest depths are typically what color
Colorless
The eyes of deep sea animals are typically specialized for what
Seeing the blue of bioluminescence
ROVs are favored over manned submersibles why
They can operate continuously without returning to the surfacr
Deep-sea benthic infauna are typically what
Less than 1 cm in length
One characteristic not typical for the deep sea
Warm temps
Greatest depth of the ocean is a little less than the distance from UCSB to where
Downtown SB
Best developed O2 minimum zones are found where
Margins of the oceans
The three people who have been to the greatest depths
Don Walsh, Jim Cameron, Jacques Piccard
The term “azoic zone” was applied to what idea
There was a depth below which there was no life
Burglar alarm theory of luminescent function
Light produced by prey organism in response to predator attracts a predator on the predator of the first organism
Lower metabolic rates found in some species of midwater animals at depth as compared with shallower species are what
Found even where there is relatively high O2 concentrations
Group not found at the greatest depth
Cephalopods
Currently accepted way to quantitatively sample the infauna of the mud bottom
Box corer
Function of luminous clouds released by some deep sea animals
Distract/startle predators
Why was Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species” responsible for promoting interest in deep sea life
Darwin suggested that the rate of evolution was dependent on the rate of environmental change, leading to the expectation that more primitive forms might be found in the deep sea
First expedition to demonstrate that life could be found at great depths
Challenger
Some groups of animals are more important at greater depths than shallow, including
Lophogastrids, sea cucumbers, pelagic nemerteans
If one took a trawl during the day and found half red crustaceans and silvery fish, the depth is about what
350 m
In a trawl taken at 800 m in the daytime, one would expect to find what
Black fishes, red crustaceans
Counterillumination is what
Use of ventrally directed light organs to obscure the shadows of mesopelagic organisms
First expedition to sample water and animals from the greatest depths
Galathea
Coelenterazine is the luciferin used by what
Lanternfishes, vampire squid, oplophorid shrimp, lophogastrid shrimp
Coelenterazine is synthesized by what
Oplophorid shrimps
Deepest place in ocean in found where
Western Pacific
Animals found at depths greater than 3 km, as compared with shallower species, tend to be relatively what
more colorless
Bathybius haeklii was described by Thomas Huxley as what
A thin layer of protoplasm covering the bottom of the deep sea
Largest fishes are found living where
At the surface
Transparency of the body is an adaptation found primarily in animal which live where
Near the surface
Diurnal vertical migration is cued primarily by what
Light
Diurnal vertical migration into the surface waters at night is selected for primarily by what
Greater availability of food at the surface
The usual trend in depth with increasing size in oceanic animals
Larger individuals tend to live deeper than juveniles
The O2 content of the oceans in general and the O2 minima in particular are what
Decreasing in recent years
Allyn Vine did what for the Alvin
Was the geologist who had the foresight and persuasive abilities to convince the director of WHOI to apply to operate the Alvin
The adaptive value of red colors in deep living animals
Red is cryptic in low intensity blue light found in the deep sea
T/F: Selection by the burglar alarm effect has resulted in increasing levels of luminescence at great depths
False
T/F: Red and black colors in deeper living animals are selected for by different factos
False
T/F: Sea urchins are especially important at depths below 1500m
False
T/F: Fishes are not found at all depths in the world ocean
True
T/F: The colossal squid is the largest squid and lives near the surface in the Arctic
False
T/F: The stability of conditions in the deep sea sets it apart from most habitats on earth although there are slow changes over time
True
T/F: One way to look at animals that are diurnal vertical migrators is that they are nocturnal specialists which take refuge at depth during the day
True
T/F: The changes in depth found in oceanic animals over their lives is called diurnal migrations
False
T/F: The gulper eel is a true deep sea monster that preys on animals much larger than its own 6 foot length
False
T/F: Only animals with eyes are able to bioluminesce because it wouldn’t be of use to them if they couldn’t see
False
