Midterm Questions

Question 0

Define anatomy:

Answer 0

The science of body structures and relationships among them.

Question 1

Define histology.

Answer 1

The study of microscopic structure of tissues.

Question 2

Define physiology:

Answer 2

The science body functions and how parts work.

Question 3

____________ are the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, two or more of them are joined together to form ____________.

Answer 3

Atoms, molecules.

Question 4

Metabolism/differentiation is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

Answer 4

Metabolism.

Question 5

A negative feedback system reverses/strengthens a change in a controlled condition. In the system, when blood pressure decreases the body will respond by causing changes to raise/decrease blood pressure.

Answer 5

Reverses, raise.

Question 6

If the body is lying facedown, it is in the supine/prone position.
If the bodies lying face up, it is in the supine/prone position.

Answer 6

Prone, supine.

Question 7

Which of the following are organs that belong to the dorsal cavity?
Spinal cord, urinary bladder, stomach, brain, heart.

Answer 7

The spinal cord and brain belong to the dorsal cavity.

Question 8

Which of the following organs belong in the ventral cavity?

Spinal cord, urinary bladder, stomach, brain, heart.

Answer 8

The urinary bladder, stomach, and heart all belong in the ventral cavity.

Question 9

What type of chemical bond forms when two or more Adams share electrons rather than gaining or losing them?

Answer 9

Covalent bond.

Question 10

What is the function of the catalyst?

Answer 10

It lowers the amount of energy needed to start a reaction.

Question 11

When an acid/base/salt dissociates in water, it will form cations and anions either of which is H+ or OH-.

Answer 11

Salt.

Question 12

The pH scale is based on the concentration of hydrogen ion/hydroxide ions in a solution.

Answer 12

Hydrogen ions.

Question 13

Describe the differences between DNA and RNA in terms of the number of strands.

Answer 13

DNA has two strands, RNA has one.

Question 14

Define osmosis.

Answer 14

A type of diffusion in which there is net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 15

Water moves by osmosis across the plasma membrane from an area of higher/lower water concentration to an area of higher/lower water concentration.

Answer 15

Higher, lower.

Question 16

Water moves by osmosis across plasma membrane from an area of lower/higher solute concentration to an area of lower/higher solute concentration.

Answer 16

Lower, higher.

Question 17

In a hypertonic solution, the rupture of cells is called lysis/crenation.
In a hypertonic solution, the shrinkage of cells is called lysis/crenation.

Answer 17

Lysis, cremation.

Question 18

What are the functions of ribosomes?

Answer 18

They are produced in the nucleolus, and they are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

Question 19

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 19

They are also called breakdown bodies or suicide sacks.

Question 20

What is the function of mitochondria in the cell?

Answer 20

They generate most of the ATP and are referred to as the powerhouses of the cell.

Question 21

What is the function of smooth ER in the cell?

Answer 21

The site involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification of some drugs.

Question 22

Genes are disbursed in the form of chromatin/chromosomes in non-dividing cells.

Answer 22

Chromatin.

Question 23

True or false?

The nucleus is the control center of the cell.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

During interphase/mitotic phase, the cell grows and replicates its DNA.

Answer 24

Interphase.

Question 25

Mitosis/interphase/meiosis is the distribution of two sets of chromosomes into two separate nuclei; this nuclear division maintains the same number of chromosomes.

Answer 25

Mitosis.

Question 26

Apoptosis/necrosis is the term for regulated, genetically programmed death.

Answer 26

Apoptosis.

Question 27

Which tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed in the body? Epithelial/connective/nervous.

Answer 27

Connective tissue.

Question 28

Which type of cell junctions functions and communication between adjacent cells?

Answer 28

Gap.

Question 29

Epithelial tissue has its own nerve supply but his vascular/avascular relying on the blood vessels of the adjacent connected tissue to bring nutrients and remove waste.

Answer 29

Avascular.

Question 30

Which type of epithelial tissue allows to diffusion of gases and nutrients?

Answer 30

Simple squamous.

Question 31

Which type of epithelial tissue that lines the urinary bladder and parts of ureters and urethra where it permits the distention of the organs?

Answer 31

Transitional.

Question 32

Endocrine/exocrine gland secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid and then diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through duct.

Answer 32

Endocrine.

Question 33

And the endocrine/exocrine gland secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of the covering and lining epithelium such as the skins surface.

Answer 33

Exocrine.

Question 34

Which type of fibers connective tissue forms the stroma in many soft organs?

Answer 34

Reticular fibers.

Question 35

Vitamin C/vitamin D is needed for normal production and maintenance of connective tissue.

Answer 35

Vitamin C.

Question 36

Cartilage is one type of connective tissue. Because cartilage is avascular, it is relatively inactive tissue that grows slowly and regeneration proceeds quickly/slowly.

Answer 36

Slowly.

Question 37

Epithelia regenerate easily and well. True or false?

Answer 37

True.

Question 38

The six functions of the integumentary system include:

Answer 38

Regulating body temperature, storing blood, protects the body from external environment, detects cutaneous sensations, excretes and absorbs substances, synthesizes vitamin D.

Question 39

Which is not part of the skin? | Epidermis/dermis/subcutaneous layer

Answer 39

Subcutaneous layer.

Question 40

About 90% of cells are __________; that is, they are three predominant cells in the epidermis.

Answer 40

kertinocytes.

Question 41

List the five layers of thick skin from the most superficial to the deepest.

Answer 41

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.

Question 42

Which layer is present in thick skin but not thin skin?

Answer 42

Stratum lucidum.

Question 43

Which layer conscious on average of 25-30 layers of flattened, dead kertinosytes?

Answer 43

Stratum corneum.

Question 44

How long does it take for the cells to form in the stratum basale, rise to the surface, become keratinized, and slough off?

Answer 44

4-6 weeks, or about a month.

Question 45

True or false: | The dermis is superficial to the epidermis.

Answer 45

False.

Question 46

True or false: the dermis is deep to the subcutaneous layer?

Answer 46

False.

Question 47

True or false: the dermis contains fibroblasts, macrophages, and a few adipocytes?

Answer 47

True.

Question 48

True or false: the dermis is avascular?

Answer 48

False.

Question 49

True or false: the dermis is divided into five layers?

Answer 49

False.

Question 50

Cyanotic means what?

Answer 50

Blue.

Question 51

jaundice means what?

Answer 51

Yellow.

Question 52

Erythema means what?

Answer 52

Red.

Question 53

Pallor means what?

Answer 53

Pale.

Question 54

What are considered to be accessory structures of the skin?

Answer 54

Nails and hair.

Question 55

Hair is not found where?

Answer 55

Palms, palmers surfaces of the fingers, the souls and plantar surfaces of the feet.

Question 56

Hair distribution is controlled by what?

Answer 56

Genetics and hormones.

Question 57

True or false: sebum primarily contains salts in carbohydrates

Answer 57

False.

Question 58

Sebum is a waxy substance produced by glands in the ear canal?

Answer 58

False.

Question 59

Sebum sebum is a watery secretion used to cool the body?

Answer 59

False.

Question 60

Sebum is produced by sebaceous glands?

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Sebum promotes evaporation of water from the skin?

Answer 61

False.

Question 62

Eccrine sweat glands are less humorous than apocrine sweat glands?

Answer 62

False

Question 63

Where can eccrine sweat glands be found?

Answer 63

Forehead, palms, and soles of feet.

Question 64

Eccrine sweat glands produce perspiration that contains mostly lipids?

Answer 64

False.

Question 65

The main function of eccrine sweat glands is to help regulate body temperature?

Answer 65

True.

Question 66

What do ceruminous glands produce?

Answer 66

Wax.

Question 67

What is released by the skin?

Answer 67

Heat, water, salt, urea and ammonia

Question 68

Which vitamin is needed for the proper mineralization of bones?

Answer 68

Vitamin D.

Question 69

Central nervous system includes:

Answer 69

The brain and spinal cord.

Question 70

Peripheral nervous system consists of all nervous tissue inside/outside the CNS.

Answer 70

Outside.

Question 71

Components of the PNS include:

Answer 71

Nerves, ganglia, enteric plexus, and sensory receptors.

Question 72

Which sensory neurons does the autonomic nervous system include?

Answer 72

Autonomic sensory receptors and neurons.

Question 73

Which motor neurons does the somatic nervous system include?

Answer 73

skeletal muscles.

Question 74

Which type of neuroglia form the myelin sheath around the axons in the PNS?

Answer 74

Schwan cells.

Question 75

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of myelin sheath?

Answer 75

True.

Question 76

True or false: ganglion are neuronal cell bodies in the PNS?

Answer 76

True.

Question 77

True or false: the nucleus is a neuronal cell body in the CNS?

Answer 77

True.

Question 78

True or false: nerves are the axons located in the PNS?

Answer 78

True.

Question 79

True or false: a tract is an axon located in the CNS?

Answer 79

True.

Question 80

White matter is composed of:

Answer 80

Myelinated axons.

Question 81

Gray matter is composed of:

Answer 81

unmyelinated axons.

Question 82

Sensory receptors/stimulus: is structure of the nervous system that response to environment changes.

Answer 82

Sensory receptors.

Question 83

Sensory receptors/stimulus: any changes in the environment that is able to initiate action potential.

Answer 83

Stimulus.

Question 84

What are the characteristics of continuous conduction?

Answer 84

Located in unmyelinated axons and muscle fibers, moves at a slower speed, and requires more energy.

Question 85

What are the characteristics of saltatory conduction?

Answer 85

Occurs in myelinated axon's, has a faster speed, and requires less energy.

Question 86

Three factors that affect the speed of propagation are:

Answer 86

Amount of myelination; action potentials propagate faster along myelinated axons. Diameter; action potentials propagate faster along larger diameter axons. Temperature; action potentials propagate faster when cooled. I

Question 87

What is the first step to describe how a chemical synapse transmits a signal?

Answer 87

Step one: action potential arrives at presynaptic neurons end bulbs.

Question 88

What is the second step describing how a chemical synapse transmits a signal?

Answer 88

Step two: opening Ca2+ channels.

Question 89

Describe the third step in how a chemical synapse transmits a signal.

Answer 89

Step three: neurotransmitter exocytosed.

Question 90

Describe the fourth step in how a chemical synapse transmits a signal.

Answer 90

Step four: neurotransmitter binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane.

Question 91

What is the fifth step in how a chemical synapse transmits a signal?

Answer 91

Step five: post synaptic action potential develops.

Question 92

A spinal nerve is also called a mixed nerve. Why?

Answer 92

The PRA contains sensory axons and AR contains motor axons.

Question 93

True or false: the connective tissue covering of nerve fibers are organized in a different manner to those of muscle fibers.

Answer 93

False.

Question 94

Define reflex.

Answer 94

A fast, involuntary, predictable sequence of axons in response to stimulus.

Question 95

What lies between medulla and midbrain?

Answer 95

Pons.

Question 96

What is not considered as a major part of the brain?

Answer 96

The hypothalamus, thalamus, and at epithalamus.

Question 97

What is able to pass freely through the blood brain barrier her?

Answer 97

Lipid soluble substances, small molecules, and most anesthetic agents.

Question 98

What is not able to pass through the blood brain barrier?

Answer 98

Proteins, large molecules, and most antibiotic drugs.

Question 99

What are the three basic functions of CSF?

Answer 99

Mechanical protection, homeostasis, and circulation.

Question 100

Through what is CFS reabsorbed into the blood?

Answer 100

Arachnoid villi, fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid Mater.

Question 101

What are the characteristics of Alpha waves?

Answer 101

They are found in a week adult with his eyes closed, or eyes open.

Question 102

Where do you see beta waves?

Answer 102

Beta waves are found in an adult taking a math exam.

Question 103

Where are delta waves found?

Answer 103

In sleeping adults.

Question 104

Is cerebrovascular accident is?

Answer 104

Also called a stroke or brain attack.

Question 105

Alzheimer's disease is:

Answer 105

A disabling senile dementia.

Question 106

Parkinson's disease is:

Answer 106

Caused by damage to basal nuclei.

Question 107

Most sympathetic/parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic.

Answer 107

Sympathetic.

Question 108

an antagonist:

Answer 108

Blocks.

Question 109

An agonist:

Answer 109

Mimics.

Question 110

What is the sympathetic division responsible for?

Answer 110

Dilating the pupils, increasing the rate and force of heart contractions, fight or flight responses, slowing down the urine formation and digestive activities.

Question 111

What is the parasympathetic division responsible for?

Answer 111

Stimulates urine and defecation, stimulates salivation and lacremation, rest and digest responses.