Midterm PSY 235 Flashcards
What is Mitosis
Non sex cells duplicate of the original cell.
How many chromosomes are there
23 pairs
How do dominate genes work
if the alleles are different, the dominant gene will be expressed
What are Alleles
alternate versions of the same gene, which express characteristics. You receive one maternally, and one paternally.
How do recessive genes work
The person must have 2 copies of the recessive gene, for it to be expressed. although you’ll still have the recessive gene even if it is not expressed due to a dominant allele. You will still spread this recessive gene, through conception.
what is Homozygous?
means that you had received two of the same allele
What is heterozygous
When the alleles are different.
What is polygenic inheritance
Is the interaction of a variety of genes to create a larger theme, such as IQ
what is phenotype
is your genetic makeup mixed with the environment, hence why twins are different.
What is Genotype
genetic makeup of a person, both expressed and unexpressed genes
What is Multifactorial transmission
environmental factors modify how genes are expressed. to create complex traits.
what is epigenetics
genes are turned on or off based on environmental factors. also known as epigenesis
what is incomplete dominance
combination of both genes to express a trait. for example, if a person has one sicklecell allele, and one good one. you don’t have sickle-cell, but your cells aren’t perfectly round
what is sex-linked inheritance
because boys have an XY chromosome and girls have an XX chromosome there is different reactions that the mother can give. the mother can give a bad gene to a female but the father will give his good ‘copy’ to her as well, and that gene won’t be expressed. but because boys have one X. it means the mother has a 50/50 chance of giving the bad gene to the boy.
what is behavioral genetics
Quantitative study of heredity and environment influence on behavior.
what does Concordant mean
term describing twins sharing the same traits or disorders
what is Heritability
Statistical estimate on a given population estimating how much was genetic and or environment. expressed by a percentage 0.0 - 1.0. 1.0 means 100% genes are responsible for varying traits. 0 meaning environment
what is reaction range
potential variability in the expression of hereditary traits.
what does the metaphor canalization mean
The much more environmental factors are required to cause a difference. such as a rain storm and canal. the canal will only overflow with an immense amount of rain
what is a Genotype-environmental interaction
Refers to similar environmental factors on genetically different people. for example, one child might develop allergies and another not in the same environment
what is genotype-environment correlation, and name the 3 correlations
the environment often reflects or reinforces genetic differences.
1). Passive correlation: you inherit your parents genes but also their environment
2). reactive, or evocative correlations: parents who do not have that genetic interest will see the child is interested and further pursue it for them, letting them grow.
3). Active correlation: as the child gets older they will select experiences themselves according to their genetics
what is niche-picking
the tendency for after early childhood to seek out environments compatible with their genotype
what are nonshared environmental effects
siblings that live in the same environment but have different environmental effects. such as a parent might react differently to a child with a closer genetic makeup than the other.
what determines temperament and personality
some temperament factors like shyness are genetic but are heavily reinforced by other environmental factors
is schizophrenia genetic or environmental
it’s both, based on studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. although its 60-80% heritability range
what is gestation
the period of development between conception and birth
what is gestation age
age of the unborn baby, usually dated by the first day of the expectant mothers last menstrual cycle
How does culture affect beliefs about prenatal development
different cultures react differently to prenatal development, but most prohibit, or encourage different foods from being eaten
what is Cephalocaudal principle
the principle that development proceeds head to tail. upper body develops before lower body
what is the proximodistal principle
development occurs within to without, near the center before the extremities
what is germinal stage
first two weeks of prenatal development, characterized by mitosis, blastocyst formation, and implantation into the uterine wall
what is implantation
when the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall, this implant location, determines placenta placement
what is a blastocyst
while the Ovum is dividing, it travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus, and changes form to a blastocyst, a fluid-filled sphere, which floats freely in the uterus until the 6th day, when it implants itself to the uterine wall.
what does the placenta do
allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo
what is the amniotic sac
is a fluid-filled membrane that encases the embryo, protecting it, and giving room to grow.
what is the embryonic stage, and how long does it last
its the second stage of gestation 2-8 weeks. characterized by rapid growth, and development to major systems and organs
what is spontaneous abortions
natural expulsion of the embryo, that could not have survived outside the womb. also called a miscarriage. 80% occur when the mother is not aware they are pregnant
what is the fetal stage, and how long does it last
8 week to birth. The final stage of gestation, is characterized by differentiation in body parts and greatly enlarged body size.
what is a teratogen
is an environmental agent, such as a virus, drug, or radiation. that interferes with normal development
How does stress effect the fetus
moderate stress can have good benefits such as improved neurological development. although heavy stress and causes newborns to have irritable temperaments, emotional negativity, and impulsivity
what are dizygotic twins
are fraternal twins, two separate eggs being released into and sharing the same womb. genetically siblings
what are monozygotic twins
cleaving of one fertile egg, and are genetically identical.
what is the human genome.
complete sequence of genes in the human body
What is human development
scientific process of change, and stability in the human life span
what is life-span development
concept of human development as a lifelong process
what are the domains of development
Physical
Cognitive
Psychosocial
what is a social construction
an invention of a certain culture, which seems obvious inside the culture but really isn’t outside
is childhood a social construction?
yes
what are the 8 periods of human development, and ages, in order
Prenatal/ Conception to birth
Infancy, toddlerhood/ birth-3yr
early childhood/3-6
middle childhood/ 6-11
adolescence/ 11-20
young adult/ 20-40
middle adult/40-65
late adult/65+
what is a nuclear family
two-generational kinship, household, 2 parents and their children
what is an extended family
multigenerational kinship, grandmas, moms, other relatives in one household
what is intersectionality
an analytical framework focused on multiple identities combined to create differences in privilege and discrimination
what is ethnic gloss
overgeneralization the blurs differences
what is normative influences
many people will experience the same event
what is non-normative
unusual events that had a major impact
what are the 7 principles of life-span development
Development is lifelong
development is multidimensional
development is multidirectional
relative influences of biology and culture shift over the lifespan
development involves resource allocations to change
development shows plasticity
development is influenced by historic and cultural context
what does it mean when they say “stage” in research
if the development occurs continually or in stages
what is the mechanistic model in research.
model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli
what is organismic model in research
views human development as an active approach that the individual initiates, and occurring qualitatively different stages
what is a quantitative study
measures objective data
what is a qualitative study
focuses on non-numerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, beliefs
what are the 5 major theoretical perspectives
psychoanalytical,
learning
cognitive
contextual
evolutionary/biological
what is the psychoanalytical perspective, and who’s theory is this
a view that unconscious forces motivate human behavior (we now know as genetics) it was created by Sigmund Freud
what is psychosocial theory, and who does this theory belong to
personality is developed through society and crises. by Erikson
What is the learning perspective
that the individual learns through experience or adaption of environments.
what is Behaviorism theory, and by whom
a theory that we learn just like animals, through pain and pleasure. reaction to our environment. by the evil Pavlov
what is the social learning theory and by whom made it
like behaviorism, but reacts bidirectional. meaning the person acts on the world as the world acts on the person by Albert Bandura
what is the cognitive-stage theory, and who came up with it
theory that children cognitive development advances in a series of four stages. made by Jean Piaget
Adaption
assimilation
accommodation
equilibration
what is cognitive perspective.
view that thought processes are central to development
what is Sociocultural theory and by whom came up with it
children learn collaboratively through social interaction, and shared activities. made by Vygotsky
what is zone of proximal development
the difference between what the child can do alone and what they need help with.
what is the contextual perspective
sees the individual person, inseparable from social context
what is bioecological theory, and by whom made it
defines 5 different levels of environmental influence. made by bronfenbrenner
what are the layers of bioecological theory
Microsystem
mesosystm
exosystem
macrosystem
chronosystem
what is the evolutionary/ sociobiological perspective and by whom made it
focuses on human behavior as a evolutionary, biological base. influenced by Darwin
what is evolutionary psychology
the application of Darwins theory, in which natural selection and survival of the fittest, to test behavior
what is ethology
study of behaviors of species or animals that evolved to increase survival
what is WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic.
what are 4 types of data collection
Self report
natural observation
lab observation
behavioral and performance measures
what are 4 basic research designs
Case study
ethnographic study
correlational study
experiment
what is a case study
studies a single individual
what is a ethnographic study
in depth study of culture
what is correlational study
research design to see if there is a statistical relationship between variables
what is an experiment
a controlled procedure, which manipulates variable, must be able to be replicated
what is independent variable
a variable that you have direct control of
what is a dependent variable
the variable may or may not change as a result of change in the independent variable
what is a cross-sectional study
a study relating to age related differences, where people of different ages are assessed one time
what is a longitudinal study
study designed to assess age changes in a sample over time
what is a sequential study
a study that combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal
why is diversity an issue in research
because we want to know the human condition, its hard when immense bias is placed due to lack of diversity
what is the reproducibility crisis in social sciences
the raising issue that research in social science cannot be easily replicated and when done so, half of the 100 studies they tested didnt hold true.
what is the open science movement
open science movement is the movement to allow all forms of society to access research
what is parturition
the act or process of giving birth, typically 2 weeks before delivery,in 3 stages.
dialation
expulsion
delivery of the placenta
Why is the united states seeing an uptick in maternal death, rather than down
likely due to obesity, maternal age, c-sections, and preexisting conditions
what is two things that changed to reduce risk of death, in modern times.
the amount of deliveries in hospitals, from 5% in 1920, to now 98.6% . and results froim safe anesthesia, improved hygiene, drugs to induce labor
what is electronic fetal monitoring EFM
a sensor attached to the mothers midsection and held in place with an electric belt. monitors heart rate
what are the 3 stages of labor
baby positions itself( head down)
baby begins to emerge
placenta is expelled
what is natural childbirth?
A method that seeks to reduce pain by eliminating mothers’ fear through education, and training.
what is prepared childbirth?
method of childbirth that uses instructions, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled reactions to contractions and reduce fear and pain
who is a doula
an experienced mentor, coach or helper who furnishes emotional support and information during labor
what are some risks of Cesarean delivery
lead to significant risk of complications, bleeding uterine rupture. and increased risk for future pregnancies
what are positives about Cesarean delivery
reduce the risk of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse
what is pelvic organ prolapse
where a weakened muscle allows one or more of the pelvic organs to drop into or press out of the vagina
what is Urinary incontinence
The loss of bladder control
when is the neonatal period
the first 4 weeks of life
what is witch’s milk
a secretion that leaks from neonates breasts around the 3rd day of life
what is anoxia
lack of oxygen which may cause brain damage
what is neonatal jaundice
the skin and eyeballs appear yellow, because of the immaturity of the liver, not being able to filter out bilirubin
what is the Apgar scale, and what is the max points, and points at different stages
10 points. A scale they use after birth, one minute then 5 minutes to assess color, pulse, grimace,, activity, and respiration. score of 10 is perfectly find, score of 5-7 means they need help breathing, score below 4 means the baby needs immediate lifesaving treatment.
what is the Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)
neurological and behavioral test to measure neonates response to environment
What are states of arousal in infancy
Regular sleep
Irregular sleep
drowsiness
alert inactivity
waking activity
what is regular sleep in terms of states of arousal
regular sleep: no eye movement, breathing regular and slow, on movement minus sudden startles, cannot be stimulated by mild stimuli
what is irregular sleep in terms of states of arousal
occasional REM( rapid eye movement), irregular breathing, twitching but no major movement, responds to sounds or lights.
what is drowsiness state of arousal
eyes are open or closed, irregular breathing, somewhat active, may smile, startle, suck or have erections in response to stimuli
what is alert activity in states of arousal
eyes are open, breathing is even, movement is quiet, may move head, limbs or trunk, interested in environment with people and things to watch
what is waking activity state of arousal
eyes are open, breathing is irregular, much activity, external stimuli brings more activity, perhaps starting with gentle movements to crying, kicking or thrashing
what are some differences in sleep patterns for different cultures
in america, most parents spend a great amount of time trying to sooth their baby to sleep, but in others they let the baby sleep whenever. bed time also changes drastically throughout cultures
what is a preterm infant
infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
what are small-to-date infants
infants who weight 90% less than others of the same gestation age
what is kangaroo care
skin to skin contact where the neonate is placed face down between the breasts for an hour or so after birth
what is postmaturity
a fetus not yet born 2 weeks after due date. or 42 weeks
what is stillbirth
sudden death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation
what is SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome
why is there such large racial disparities in infant death
because of SES, marital status, health care access, food and housing insecurity, and the experience of racism and discrimination
why does low income countries accept vaccines more than rich countries
because rich countries have dealt with the virus/disease and it is forgotten to the public, so they dont believe they need to take a risk. poor countries often see the devastation of these viruses so are much more willing
in terms of growth, what happens at age 3-4 months
infant begin grabbing everything in site and goes right in their mouth(teething)
in terms of growth, what happens at age 5-9 months
first tooth
in terms of growth, what happens at 1yr old
6-8 teeth
in terms of growth, what happens at 2 1/2 yr
all 20 teeth
when should you introduce babies to solid foods
no earlier than 6 months, should be a only breastmilk diet
what is the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
what is lateralization
tendency of each brain hemisphere to have specialized function
how many estimated major reflexs do infants have
27
why do reflexes go away after a little bit in toddlers
it’s a sign the motor pathways in the cortex have been partially myelinated
does the fetus feel pain
yes
how does food effect amniotic fluid, and breast milk
it reflects the flavors of what the mother eats, so the baby will develop a taste for these
how long does it take a baby to get full vision
8 months
at what distance is the babies best vision
1 foot away, until 4 weeks
do infants prefer to look at attractive people?
yes
what is system of action
increasingly complex combinations of motor skills
what is the Denver developmental screening test
screening given to 1 month - 6 years old, to determine if they are developing normally
what does the Denver developmental screening test, actually test?
gross motor skills, and fine motor skills
what is haptic perception
ability to acquire information by handing items
what is ecological theory of perception and by whom made it
Gibson. Describes development motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts. guiding behavior in varying context,such as they view things as objectives, there is no pychological parts, and is based on failure to act properly or acting properly
what is dynamic systems theory. DST and by whom made it
Esthar thelen. are self regulating variables, and processes. which combine to spontaneously achieve a stable state of equilibrium. for example, a child sees you poor a wide short glass into a tall long skinny glass. at firs the child will think it’s increasing in quanitity but seeingit multiple times will change the childs mind. so they see the variables
how does culture effect motor development.
it can slow or increase development based on if different cultures coddle the baby or encourage them to build strength and skills
