Midterm prep Flashcards
1
Q
Exploitation competition
A
Each caterpillar chews
as much leaf as it can.
2
Q
Interference competition
A
Each caterpillar physically
intimidates the other.
3
Q
Exploitation competition:
A
Aphids and caterpillars compete
for common resources.
4
Q
Interference competition
A
Beetle and caterpillar
use physical intimidation
5
Q
1. A group of interbreeding individuals occupying the same habitat at the same time is a(n) A. species. B. guild. C. population. D. equilibrium. E. quadrat.
A
C. population.
6
Q
2. You find a notebook that has lots of equations, tables, and graphs in it. The tables have columns for the number of female offspring born over a year, the number of deaths over a year, and the number of individuals in various age classes. What subject do you think the owner of the notebook is studying? What type of tables are they most likely using? A. iteroparity; life tables B. growth ecology; transition tables C. demography; life tables D. demography; survivorship tables E. iteroparity; survivorship tables
A
C. demography; life tables
7
Q
- What is the simplest method to measure population density in a given area?
A. Count the number of organisms.
B. Perform a line transect.
C. Look for random dispersion patterns.
D. Count the number of reproductive adults.
E. Calculate a survivorship curve.
A
A. Count the number of organisms.
8
Q
4. A line transect would probably be the preferred method to quantify the population density of A. blackbirds. B. lions. C. clown fish. D. Ponderosa pines. E. swallowtail butterflies.
A
D. Ponderosa pines.
9
Q
5. A mark-recapture program marked 10 individuals in the first catch. The second catch has a total of 8 individuals, 4 of which were recaptures. What is the estimate of total population size? A. 22 B. 24 C. 42 D. 20 E. 40
A
D. 20
10
Q
6. A good sampling method for quantifying the density of birds or bats is the use of A. line transects. B. quadrats. C. pitfall traps. D. baited live traps. E. mist nets.
A
E. mist nets.
11
Q
- Dispersion is
A. the ability of an individual to move.
B. the rate of movement of a population.
C. the spatial distribution of abiotic factors.
D. the spatial distribution of individuals.
E. the timing of reproduction.
A
D. the spatial distribution of individuals.
12
Q
8. Many species of birds form large flocks. What dispersion pattern describes this behavior? A. random B. uniform C. rapid D. social E. clumped
A
E. clumped
13
Q
- Why is a random dispersal pattern quite rare in nature?
A. Because only aquatic resources are commonly randomly dispersed.
B. Because resources in nature are rarely randomly spaced.
C. Because most animals have social behavior such as forming flocks or herds.
D. Because most organisms have defined territories created via competition.
A
B. Because resources in nature are rarely randomly spaced.
14
Q
10. Lions, leopards and other large terrestrial predators generally maintain well-defined territories. What kind of dispersion pattern would you expect this to produce? A. clumped B. clustered C. uniform D. random E. logistic
A
C. uniform
15
Q
11. Organisms that produce all of their offspring in a single event are A. always successful. B. never successful. C. continuously iteroparous. D. semelparous. E. seasonally iteroparous.
A
D. semelparous.
16
Q
12. Organisms that reproduce repeatedly are said to be A. semelparous. B. cohorts. C. iteroparous. D. r-selected E. K-selected
A
C. iteroparous.
17
Q
13. Which of these organisms is semalparous? A. humans B. oak trees C. bears D. dogs E. agave plants
A
E. agave plants
18
Q
- A fisheries biologist tells you she is studying a cohort of salmon returning to their birth river. What can you infer about those salmon?
A. They are iteroparous.
B. Most of them are one to three years old.
C. They are the same age.
D. They have a uniform distribution.
E. They have a Type II survivorship curve.
A
C. They are the same age.
19
Q
- What is true of a life table? Select all that apply.
- It provides data on the number of individuals alive in a particular age class.
- It often excludes males.
- It uses a log scale to show general patterns of survival over time.
- It often includes fertility rates for each age class.
A
1,2,4
20
Q
- In a growing population, the youngest age classes have
A. the highest number of deaths/year.
B. the fewest individuals.
C. the most individuals.
D. the smallest number of deaths/year.
E. the most individuals and the largest number of deaths/year
A
C. the most individuals.
21
Q
17. A survivorship curve with uniform death rates over time is most likely to be a type \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ curve. A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V
A
B. II
22
Q
18. A survivorship curve in which most individuals die late in life is a type \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ curve. A. IV B. III C. II D. I E. 0I
A
D. I
23
Q
- Your botany teacher is making assignments for a research project on a plant species. She assigns you to study hemlock (Conium maculatum) and mentions that is an r-selected species. Based on this, what characteristics would you predict to be true of hemlock? Check all that apply.
- HABITAT: Disturbed areas like the edges of agricultural fields.
- HABITAT: Pristine, undisturbed meadows.
- REPRODUCTION: Large numbers of seeds produced at a time.
- REPRODUCTION: Small numbers of large seeds produced.
- LIFESPAN: One to two years.
- LIFESPAN: Several decades.
A
1,3,5
24
Q
20. \_\_\_\_\_ selected species have a low rate of per capita growth. A. r- B. S- C. K- D. - E. J-
A
C. K-
25
```
21. Parasitism usually affects populations in a ____________ manner.
A. density-independent
B. density-dependent
C. inverse density-dependent
D. cyclic
E. random
```
B. density-dependent
26
22. What information is used to calculate the age-specific fertility rate, mx?
A. the net reproductive rate of females
B. total number of offspring born to females within a reproductive age class
C. the per capita growth rate of all females
D. number of female offspring born to females within a reproductive age class
E. the average age of first reproduction for females
D. number of female offspring born to females within a reproductive age class
27
23. Population growth typically slows down when populations reach carrying capacity because
A. resource limitation decreases birth rates.
B. abundant resources reduce competition.
C. density-independent mortality increases.
D. predation pressure is reduced
23. Population growth typically slows down when populations reach carrying capacity because
A. resource limitation decreases birth rates.
B. abundant resources reduce competition.
C. density-independent mortality increases.
D. predation pressure is reduced
28
```
24. A plot of population size vs time that displays a J-shape is indicative of
A. parasitism.
B. exponential growth.
C. logistic growth.
D. K-selection.
E. r-selection.
```
B. exponential growth.
29
25. Select all of the following that are true of the intrinsic rate of population growth.
1. It is the rate of population growth under optimal conditions.
2. It is not often seen in nature.
3. It is seen when populations are in equilibrium.
4. It is the rate of population growth once a population reaches its carrying capacity.
5. It is most commonly seen in new, expanding populations.
1,2,5
30
26. The per capita growth rate of a population is best defined as
A. the change in population size per unit time.
B. having a constant value for a particular species.
C. per capita birth rate minus per capita death rate.
D. growth rate when a population is at equilibrium.
E. logistic growth.
C. per capita birth rate minus per capita death rate.
31
27. In the formula, dN/dt = rN(K-N)/K, the rate of population growth approaches zero as
A. carrying capacity approaches zero.
B. the age-specific fertility rate approaches zero.
C. the per capita growth rate declines.
D. the population size approaches the carrying capacity.
D. the population size approaches the carrying capacity.
32
```
29. World human population in 2009 was approximately
A. 670 million.
B. 1.8 billion.
C. 4.6 billion.
D. 6.7 billion.
E. 10 billion.
```
D. 6.7 billion
33
30. If the age structure of a country's population is balanced, what prediction can be made about the near future?
A. The birth rate will decline.
B. The death rate will decline.
C. The population will not increase rapidly.
D. The population will increase rapidly.
E. The demographic transition will begin.
C. The population will not increase rapidly.
34
```
31. What percentage of the population are under the age of 15 in West Africa?
A. ~8.5
B. ~25
C. ~50
D. ~65
E. ~15
```
C. ~50
35
33. You are studying with a classmate who asks you about the concept of a replacement rate. She wants to know what happens to a population if the replacement rate is reached? She also assumes the average human replacement rate is 2.0. What would you tell her?
A. When replacement rate is reached, the population declines. The replacement rate is greater than 2.0 to make up for declining birth rates.
B. When replacement rate is reached, the population increases. The replacement rate is lower than 2.0 to make up for increasing birth rates.
C. When replacement rate is reached, the population is in equilibrium. The replacement rate is equal to 2.0 to replace both mother and father.
D. When replacement rate is reached, the population is in equilibrium. The replacement rate is greater than 2.0 because some individuals die before they reproduce.
E. When replacement rate is reached, the population declines. The replacement rate is lower than 2.0 to make up for increasing birth rates.
D. When replacement rate is reached, the population is in equilibrium. The replacement rate is greater than 2.0 because some individuals die before they reproduce.
36
```
34. After the stage IV of the demographic transition, birth rates
A. are lower than death rates.
B. equal 2 death rates.
C. are higher than death rates.
D. equal death rates.
E. None of these choices are correct.
```
D. equal death rates.
37
35. In a survey of Dall mountain sheep in Denali National Park in Alaska, researchers found that wolves preyed primarily on the most vulnerable members of the population, the young and the old. What conclusion is best supported by this data?
A. A program should be established to cull the sheep population.
B. Wolf predation is not dramatically reducing the sheep population.
C. The wolf population is at its carrying capacity, so it is no threat to the sheep population.
D. A program should be established to cull the wolf population.
E. Dall mountain sheep in Denali are an r-selected population.
B. Wolf predation is not dramatically reducing the sheep population.
38
```
36. The United Nations projects a stabilizing world population at
A. two billion.
B. seven billion.
C. ten billion.
D. fourteen billion.
E. None of these choices are correct.
```
C. ten billion.
39
37. If the age-specific fertility rate is such that 100 females of age class x would produce 50 offspring, what is the contribution of age class x to the overall population growth rate?
A. 0.75
B. 0.5
C. 2
D. 50
E. cannot be calculated with this information.
E. cannot be calculated with this information.
40
38. The ecological footprint of an average Egyptian is greater than that of an average American. T or F
FALSE
41
39. Random dispersion is rare compared to clumped dispersion. T or F
TRUE
42
40. Humans are iteroparous T or F
TRUE
43
41. Demography is the study of how births and deaths change population sizes over time.
T or F
TRUE
44
42. Modern humans show a type I survivorship curve. T or F
TRUE
45
43. K-selected populations tend to reproduce quickly. T or F
FALSE
46
44. Exponential growth is rare because resources are usually limiting. T or F
TRUE
47
45. You are inspired by your professor's lecture on human demography to decrease your ecological footprint. What steps would best help you accomplish this goal? Select all that apply.
1. ____ Carpool, walk, or bike more often.
2. _____ Trade in your sedan for an SUV you can use for camping.
3. _____ Start a high-protein diet that replaces refined carbohydrates with meat.
4. ____ Eat meat-free meals at least one day a week.
5. ____ Dress warmer and turn down the thermostat.
6. _____ Heat your home using the fireplace instead of natural gas.
7. _____ Take a road trip to visit all the national parks.
8. _____ Live out in the countryside, even if your job is in the city.
1,4,5
48
r-selected species tend to have type III survivorship curves. T or F
TRUE
49
Drought and floods are considered to be density-dependent factors potentially affecting population size. T or F
FALSE
50
According to the demographic transition model, a population's death rates decline before its birth rates. T or F
TRUE
51
Worldwide human population growth has been exponential since the Industrial Revolution. T or F
TRUE
