57 Flashcards
1
Q
1. What is an example of a +/- interaction? A. competition B. mutualism C. commensalism D. predation E. both competition and parasitism
A
D. predation
2
Q
2. What is an example of a +/+ interaction? A. competition B. mutualism C. commensalism D. parasitism E. ammensalism
A
B. mutualism
3
Q
3. The relationship of disease-causing organisms to an infected rabbit is one of A. parasitism. B. commensalism. C. competition. D. herbivory. E. interference competition.
A
A. parasitism.
4
Q
- What situation below is best characterized as interference competition?
A. A barnacle living on the tail of a humpback whale.
B. Viruses that infect bird species.
C. Cattle and deer grazing on the same grasses.
D. Insects that use rabbit warrens for shelter.
E. A tiger that excludes other tigers from its territory.
A
E. A tiger that excludes other tigers from its territory.
5
Q
5. Competition among individuals of different species is called A. interspecific competition. B. intraspecific competition. C. resource competition. D. basal competition. E. commensalism.
A
A. interspecific competition
6
Q
- Allelopathy is
A. an obligate mutualism between a plant and its pollinator.
B. an example of asymmetric competition between plant species.
C. the transmission of viruses from ticks to their primary hosts.
D. the movement of genes from one species to another.
A
B. an example of asymmetric competition between plant species.
7
Q
7. Caterpillars of the same species on a large leaf each chew as much leaf as they can. This is an example of A. amensalism. B. interference competition. C. exploitation competition. D. commensalism. E. interspecific competition.
A
C. exploitation competition.
8
Q
8. In Connell's experiments with the barnacles Chthamalus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides, the potential distribution of each species, in the absence of the other, is known as the A. competition zone. B. idealized niche. C. fundamental niche. D. tidal boundary. E. realized niche
A
C. fundamental niche.
9
Q
- Chthamalus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides do not coexist in the same tidal zones because
A. S. balanoides outcompetes C. stellatus.
B. C. stellatus outcompetes S. balanoides.
C. S. balanoides preys on C. stellatus.
D. The two species require different resources.
A
A. S. balanoides outcompetes C. stellatus
10
Q
10. The realized niche of Semibalanus is A. bigger than its fundamental niche. B. the same as its fundamental niche. C. the same as that of Chthamalus. D. smaller than its fundamental niche.
A
B. the same as its fundamental niche.
11
Q
- In competition between P. caudatum and P. bursaria, neither species goes extinct because they utilize different resources. This can be considered as evidence for
A. the extinction theory.
B. character displacement.
C. the coexistence hypothesis.
D. the competitive exclusion principle.
E. resource partitioning.
A
E. resource partitioning.
12
Q
- What concepts enable two or more species with similar niches to coexist in a community? Select all that apply.
- _____ allopatric competition
- ____ character displacement
- ____ resource partitioning
- _____ overlapping niches
- _____ bottom-up control
A
2,3
13
Q
15. You are studying the feeding habits of a group of four closely related bird species. You observe that all four species feed on insects. However, you notice that the species do not feed at the same time of day: one species feeds most actively at dawn, another during the middle of the day, another at dusk, and the last species feeds at night. What term would you use to describe this behavior? A. competitive exclusion B. character displacement C. interference competition D. resource partitioning E. exploitation competition
A
D. resource partitioning
14
Q
- Sympatric species
A. are more likely than allopatric species to display character displacement.
B. always show character displacement.
C. are less likely than allopatric species to display character displacement.
D. are unlikely to be competing.
A
A. are more likely than allopatric species to display character displacement.
15
Q
- Why are invasive species, like the Brown tree snake in Guam, so successful in their new range? Select all that apply.
_____ They are able to adapt to any type of climate.
____ Their new food source has no form of defense against them.
____ In their new range, they have few or no natural predators to control their population growth.
_____ They can mimic other toxic species.
_____ They have no carrying capacity in their new range.
A
2,3
16
Q
18. Several butterfly species that are edible to birds have very similar color patterns to the generally inedible monarch butterfly. This is best described as an example of what? A. Müllerian mimicry B. Batesian mimicry C. crypsis D. intimidation E. aposematic coloration
A
B. Batesian mimicry
17
Q
19. What form of coloration is shown by many seahorses? A. aposematic B. Müllerian C. Batesian D. crypsis E. catalepsis
A
D. crypsis
18
Q
20. Oak trees and many other plant species have years in which they have synchronous production of many progeny by all individuals in a population. This is known as A. sympatry. B. crypsis. C. semelparity. D. masting.
A
D. masting.
19
Q
- Secondary metabolites are produced to
A. deter herbivores.
B. deter competitors.
C. aid in reproduction.
D. aid in growth.
E. deter competitors and aid in reproduction.
A
A. deter herbivores.
20
Q
- What is host plant resistance?
A. Producing large quantities of seeds in some years.
B. The ability to prevent herbivory through various defenses.
C. A form of crypsis practiced by tropical rain forest plants.
D. The secretion of chemicals that are toxic to competing plant species.
E. The ability of plants to grow taller than their competitors.
A
B. The ability to prevent herbivory through various defenses.
21
Q
23. Which of the following are defenses against herbivory? \_\_\_\_\_ chlorophyll \_\_\_\_ terpenoids \_\_\_\_ nicotine \_\_\_\_ spines
A
terpenoids, nicotine, spines
22
Q
24. What might be the predominant lifestyle on Earth? A. omnivory B. masting C. herbivory D. commensalism E. parasitism
A
E. parasitism
23
Q
25. Polyphagous parasites feed on A. any plant species. B. a single host species. C. many different host species. D. ectoparasites. E. parasitoids.
A
C. many different host species.
24
Q
26. You find some rather strange plants in your backyard. They consist only of thin, pale yellow stems that are wrapped around other species of plants growing nearby. You experiment by unwrapping some of the strange yellow plants and planting half of them alone in pots of soil and half in pots with other plants from your yard. You water and fertilize both sets of pots, but after a few weeks you find that the yellow plants that were potted alone have died, while those potted with other plants are thriving. What term would you use to describe the strange yellow plants? A. asexual B. holoparasitic C. monophagous D. aposematic E. hemiparasitic
A
B. holoparasitic
25
27. What factor(s) were responsible for the drastic decline of American chestnut trees in the first half of the twentieth century? Select all that apply.
____ a fungal pathogen
____ the introduction of an invasive species
_____ a water mold protist
____ chestnut blight
_____ a wood-boring beetle
1,2,4
26
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28. Many species of ants "farm" aphids, protecting them from predation and collecting concentrated sugars (i.e. honeydew) from them. This type of ant/aphid relationship is known as
A. dispersive mutualism.
B. defensive mutualism.
C. parasitism.
D. trophic mutualism.
E. commensalism.
```
B. defensive mutualism.
27
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29. A mutualism in which each species can live without the other is termed
A. a facultative mutualism.
B. an obligate mutualism.
C. a trophic mutualism.
D. a dispersive mutualism.
E. a defensive mutualism.
```
A. a facultative mutualism.
28
30. What is often true of the fruits eaten by birds and mammals?
A. They are pale colored with strong odors.
B. They contain a large number of parasites.
C. They mimic the shape of insects.
D. They are brightly colored.
D. They are brightly colored.
29
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31. The seeds of many plant species are dispersed by a harmless temporary attachment to an animal's fur or feathers. This form of dispersal can be classified as
A. ectoparasitism.
B. amensalism.
C. mutualism.
D. pollination.
E. phoresy.
```
E. phoresy.
30
32. Some scientists have suggested that recent outbreaks of sudden oak disease could be fought through the creation of transgenic plants with genetic resistance to sudden oak disease. What would be the most likely source of this genetic resistance?
A. a species of aphid with resistance to sudden oak disease
B. entirely new genes created in a lab and inserted into the oak genome
C. other tree species with unusually high levels of host plant resistance
D. domesticated apple trees adapted to North America
E. the original host species in the native region of the disease
E. the original host species in the native region of the disease
31
33. Top-down factors that can control the population sizes of plants or animals include which of the following factors? Select all that apply.
____ the density of herbivores
_____ an extended period of drought
____ healthy populations of secondary carnivores
____ the presence of a fungal pathogen
_____ nutrient-poor soil
_____ levels of primary producers in the ocean
1,3,4
32
34. Which of the following exert bottom-up control?
A. a parasite that resides in a mammal's gut
B. a tertiary predator with fluctuating population size
C. levels of calcium and nitrogen in the soil
D. a disease-carrying protist
C. levels of calcium and nitrogen in the soil
33
35. The nitrogen-limitation hypothesis states that organisms select food in terms of the nitrogen content of the tissue. Why might this be true?
A. Because many consumers need large amounts of nitrogen; for example, animal tissue contains about 10 times as much nitrogen as plant tissue.
B. Because most organisms are able to "fix" nitrogen more efficiently than plants.
C. Because foods with lower nitrogen content are easier for consumers to digest, leading most organisms to seek out low nitrogen foods.
D. Because high nitrogen levels are a key part of plant chemical defenses, resulting in organisms avoiding high nitrogen plants.
E. Because plant tissues contain, on average, 10 times the level of nitrogen needed by most consumers.
A. Because many consumers need large amounts of nitrogen; for example, animal tissue contains about 10 times as much nitrogen as plant tissue.
34
36. Parasitic relationships are typically loose associations between two species.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
35
37. Character displacement is driven by competition.
| TRUE or false
TRUE
36
Resource partitioning occurs between allopatric species.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
37
39. Herbivory by rabbits on a grass species has an overall beneficial effect on the grass.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
38
40. Two species that occupy identical realized niches will not be able to co-exist for an extended period of time.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
39
41. Chemical defenses are found only among animals.
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
40
42. The mimicry of coral snakes by scarlet king snakes is an example of Batesian mimicry.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
41
43. Fleas are endoparasites.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
42
44. In a commensal relationship between a phoretic species and its "host", the phoretic species is not affected.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
43
45. Humans exert top-down pressures on white-tail deer.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
44
46. If you were given the task of choosing a biological control agent for a reed from eastern China that has become invasive in the southeastern U.S., what do you think would be the best choice? Consider both the effectiveness and the safety of the agent you be releasing.
A. A generalist beetle, native to the U.S., that can consume massive quantities of the reed in a few weeks.
B. A nematode, native to eastern China, that specializes on the reed but can take up to two years to kill a plant.
C. A caterpillar, native to the U.S., that normally eats close relatives of the weed, but has been found in lab trials to perform better on the Chinese reed.
D. A fungal pathogen from eastern China that specializes on the reed and can kill a plant in a few months.
D. A fungal pathogen from eastern China that specializes on the reed and can kill a plant in a few months.
45
47. Resource partitioning enables species that are better competitors to exclude similar species from a community.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
46
48. Secondary metabolites originally meant to defend a plant can become essential compounds for some herbivores.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
47
49. The eastern indigo snake often makes its home in abandoned gopher tortoise burrows. How would you characterize this relationship and its effect on each member?
A. parasitism: positive for snake, negative for tortoise
B. amensalism: negative for snake, neutral for tortoise
C. commensalism: neutral for snake, neutral for tortoise
D. amensalism: neutral for snake, negative for tortoise
E. commensalism: positive for snake, neutral for tortoise
E. commensalism: positive for snake, neutral for tortoise
