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HumBioi 4B > Midterm Prep > Flashcards

Midterm Prep Flashcards

1
Q

Why might individual action alone be insufficient for solving environmental and health problems?

A

Can help, but relying on individual actions is often insufficient to deal with larger and complex problems

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2
Q

Why isn’t scientific evidence enough to promote policy action?

A

1 not be a policy solution
2 not politically feasible
3 private cost > perceived benefit

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3
Q

What is political mobilization bias?

A

political agenda by influential and impacted groups in an effort to make it appear that community power is at play when in fact it was generated by a few.

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4
Q

Name 2 examples of political motivation bias that prevents or promotes policy implementation

A

NRA stopping any anti-gun legislation

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5
Q

What is equity?

A

fair, just and equal distribution

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6
Q

What’s the difference between command and control / direct regulation and incentive/market-based regulation?

A

Command

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7
Q

VSL

A

value of statistical life

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8
Q

VSLY

A

value of statistical life year

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9
Q

Name 2 examples of command and control

A

banning drugs

banning thalidomide

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10
Q

Name 2 examples of incentive/market based regulation

A

cap and trade (hybrid)

plastic bag ban (hybrid)

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11
Q

How does cap and trade combine both command and control and incentive/market based?

A

cap imposes a hard limit, while trading allows the players to be incentivized to reduce, and generate new reduction technologies

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12
Q

example of revealed preference?

A

how much do people pay to avoid heart disease?

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13
Q

When is each tool appropriate?

A

TBD

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14
Q

What is the goal of cost-effectiveness/ productive efficiency analysis?

A

finding the most efficient way to reach a target

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15
Q

What is allocative efficiency?

A

refers to “net benefits” - benefits - costs. Incorporates both cost and benefit. Efficiency maximizing

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16
Q

When would you use cost-effectiveness / prod efficiency analysis?

A

if you have a target that you’re trying to achieve. ie- reduce pollution levels to 20% of current. Great tool for comparing two+ policies or levers to achieve a target. Often used when benefits are difficult to measure

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17
Q

When would you use allocative efficiency?

A

when you’re trying to maximize efficiency.

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18
Q

What is inflation?

A

increasing in prices and devaluation of money

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19
Q

What is a consumer price index, and how can it be used to account for inflation?

A

index of the variation of prices paid by consumers. Measure of inflation - cost/price of basic goods over time

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20
Q

How can discounting be used to account for costs and benefits distributed across future years?

A

TBD

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21
Q

revealed preference

A

analyzing choices made based on choices - revealed by actual purchase habits

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22
Q

What is the formula used to calculate the present value of discounted costs and and benefits?

A

Present value = Sum of All (future amount/(1+real rate)^time)

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23
Q

what is an externality?

A

is a social cost that is not taken into account by buyers or sellers in a market transaction

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24
Q

another name for “productive efficiency”

A

cost-efficiency

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25
Q

QALY

A

quality adjusted life year

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26
Q

another name for “productive efficiency”

A

cost-efficiency

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27
Q

Adjusted figure

A

past dollars in today dollars

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28
Q

Adjusted figure equation

A

(current index / past index) * past expenditure

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29
Q

real interest rate calculation

A

interest rate - inflation rate

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30
Q

Present Value calc

A

Sum (future amount/(1+rate)^time)

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31
Q

Present Value calc

A

Sum (future amount/(1+rate)^time)

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32
Q

What was the goal of AB 32?

A

reduce GHG to 1990 levels by 2020 (25% reduction)

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33
Q

How did AB 32 do this?

A

mix of conventional regulation (command/control) and cap and trade. Cap in Trade adopted 2012
Tailpipe emissions standards (command/control)

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34
Q

MB = ?

A

marginal benefit = Demand

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35
Q

MC = ?

A

marginal cost = Supply

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36
Q

TC

A

total cost

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37
Q

TB

A

total benefit

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38
Q

marginal cost

A

additional cost of producing one more unit

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39
Q

marginal benefit

A

additional benefit derived from consuming one more unit

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40
Q

demand

A

price consumers are willing to pay for a given qty ; OR qty that consumers are willing to buy for a given price. Marginal benefit = demand = willingness to pay

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41
Q

supply

A

price that producers are willing to sell at for a givejn qty of product ; OR qty that producers are willing to sell for a given price . Marginal cost=supply - willingness to produce

42
Q

consumer surplus

A

diff between marginal benefit and market price

43
Q

producer surplus

A

difference between the marginal cost of producing an item and market price

44
Q

positive externality

A

social benefits>private benefits

45
Q

negative externality

A

social costs>private costs

46
Q

2 ways to address an externality

A 
direct controls(command and control)
incentive based regulations (taxes, subsidies)
47
Q

VSL formula

A

Value of change / change in probability of death

48
Q

limitations of VSL

A

doesn’t account for age
doesn’t account for equity or SES
not very generalizable
does not account for quality of life

49
Q

VSLY defininition

A

calc of monetary value of each year of life extension

50
Q

critiques of VSLY

A

same as VSL

VSLY’s may be higher or lower for younger/older, depending on who you talk to. It’s subjective.

51
Q

best QALY(health/alive)

A

1

52
Q

worst QALY (death)

A

0

53
Q

Factors that influence political feasibility

A 
complexity
scope
timing
public interest
special interest groups
political mobilization bias
54
Q

China + US + India = ___ % of GHG Emissions

A

50

55
Q

largest cumulative emissions percentage and country

A

37% - US

56
Q

US is in the top ____ of per capita emissions

A

10%

57
Q

US is in the top ____ of per capita emissions

A

10%

58
Q

S. Res. 98 states what?

A

The US should not sign Kyoto unless developing countries are held to the same standard

59
Q

Kyoto provisions expired in _____

A

2012

60
Q

Kyoto made industrialized nations reduce to _____ levels by _______ and accept targets for 2008-2012

A

1990 , 2000

61
Q

The US target under Kyoto would be ___from 1990 levels

A

-7%

62
Q

What were the penalties for not meeting Kyoto stipulations?

A

nothing!

63
Q

Under Kyoto, nations with binding emissions reduced by ____

A

16%

64
Q

Since Kyoto, China’s emissions are ____ higher

A

3X

65
Q

Total global emissions have _____ since Kyoto

A

increased

66
Q

Agreement after Kyoto

A

Warsaw, Lima, Paris

67
Q

Were Warsaw and Lima signed?

A

no

68
Q

was Paris signed?

A

yes

69
Q

___ countries have signed the Paris Accord

A

194

70
Q

Paris Accord long term goal

A

2 C reduction

71
Q

___ and ____ are the two largest contributors to climate change

A

CO2 and Methane

72
Q

CO2 accounted for ____ % of GHG emissions in 2014

A

81

73
Q

livestock represent 44% of methane emissions, which translates to ____% of GHG emissions

A

5%

74
Q

AB32 was signed into law in _____

A

2006

75
Q

WCI stands for

A

Western Climate Initiative

76
Q

the WCI started with ____ US and ___ Canadian partners

A

7, 4

77
Q

the WCI now has ___ partner

A

1

78
Q

TSCA Act

A

toxic substances control act (1976)

79
Q

Superfund launched in

A

1980

80
Q

average cost per cancer case avoided (Superfund)

A

15.5 billion

81
Q

median cost per cancer avoided (superfund)

A

55 million

82
Q

Obama Clean Power Plan targets

A

reduce emissions of coal power plants by 32% relative to 2005 levels

83
Q

Paris agreement target

A

2% temp increase limit, eventually 1.5%

84
Q

lifetime fossil fuel subsidies

A

$630 billion

85
Q

lifetime renewable subsidies

A

$50 billion

86
Q

2/3 of energy subsidies through 2007 went to _____

A

non-renewables

87
Q

SB270

A

plastic bag ban

88
Q

can plastic bags be recycled?

A

yes!

89
Q

6 characteristics of well functioning markets

A 
complete information
free entry and exit
no market power
truth in advertising
contract law
property rights
90
Q

overfishing is a result of ____ of the ______

A

tragedy of the commons

91
Q

the US fish stock sustainability index has ____ over the past several years

A

increased

92
Q

equation to determine time of population to double

A

72/growth rate

93
Q

fertility rate

A

number of live births to women through age 50

94
Q

Age specific fertility rate

A

live births per 1000 women in age range

95
Q

birth rate

A

number of live births per 1000 persons

96
Q

a “high” fertility rate is more than ____

A

3.2

97
Q

a “low” fertility rate is less than _____

A

2.0

98
Q

the replacement fertility rate is ____

A

2.1

99
Q

the replacement fertility rate is ____

A

2.1

100
Q

the current annual growth rate is ___, which is ___ than it was in the 60’s

A

1%, less

HumBioi 4B (5 decks)

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