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HumBioi 4B > Final Prep > Flashcards

Final Prep Flashcards

1
Q

How has global life expectancy changed over the past 2000 years?

A

drastic rise from around 28 (1850 or so) to 70 (current

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2
Q

What were some sources of health improvements in NYC from 1890-1940?

A

drastic decrease in contagious disease, tuberculosis, diarrhea etc.

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3
Q

What caused the improvements in NYC from 1890-1940?

A

education about hygiene, food safety and breast feeding; efforts to improve food safety, milk inspection;

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4
Q

How have mortality rates for low-birthweight infants changes over the last century?

A

drastic decrease from premi(sub 2500g) 18% to 6%, and super premi(sub 1500) 70% to 25%

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5
Q

What caused the infant mortality drop from 1950-2000?

A

ventilation, surfactant, neonatal surgeries

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6
Q

How has US life expectancy changed over the last century?

A

from 49.2 to 78.8

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7
Q

What have been the primary drivers of the decrease in mortality rate over time (US)?

A

public health efforts based on germ theory(drop in tuberculosis and scarlet fever), increased living standard, lowered infant mortality

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8
Q

What has been the role of public health and medicine in driving changes in mortality rate?

A

education, and efforts based on germ theory. Smoking cessation

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9
Q

What’s the most common cause of death today?

A

heart disease

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10
Q

What was the most common cause of death 100 years ago?

A

infectious diseases (pneumonia, tuberculosis, Flu)

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11
Q

Whitehall I characteristics

A

19K men, ages 40-69 in British civil service
initial screen 1970 ish
admin, professional, exec, clerical, other
data collected at screening and population follow up
mortality rates varied drastically by profession

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12
Q

Whitehall II characteristics

A 
7K men and 3K women age 35-55 in London
1985ish
aim: follow up w better data
similar groupings
followed up w by mail/interviews
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13
Q

Where do the differences in health per strata come from?

A 
education
income
behavior
early life exposures  -father's class
work environment - stress etc. 
social challenges
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14
Q

Canada and the UK both use _____ ______ health care systems

A

single payer

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15
Q

in the UK, the government is in charge of ______ as well as payment for healthcare

A

payment

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16
Q

How did the AMA change medicaid?

A

they lobbied for fee-for service

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17
Q

what was the impact of people getting medicaid in Oregon?

A

there really wasn’t one. Increased diabetes diagnosis

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18
Q

T/F The rain barrel collection system in Santa Clara County maximizes allocative
efficiency when participation in the program is at 100%.

A

False

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19
Q

4 ways single payer could reduce spending

A

reduced admin costs
market power/ single negotiator
cost control with gatekeepers
efficiency - increased utilization of preventative care, less long term costs

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20
Q

two characteristics associated with single payer

A

government payer
tax financing
universal coverage

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21
Q

under the ACA , children can stay on parent’s policy until when?

A

26

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22
Q

under ACA, what 5 features can be used to vary pricing

A 
Smoking
age
geographic 
location
family size
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23
Q

what is the income range to qualify for subsidies under the ACA?

A

100-400% of the federal poverty level

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24
Q

non-physical benefits of having insurance, per Oregon study

A 
financial security
perception that they are healthier
improved satisfaction
perceived access to
care
25
Q

Oregon study analog

A

RAND

26
Q

what did the RAND study find

A

lower coinsurance = more utilization without health improvement

27
Q

range of increased health expenditures from Oregon experiment

A

$1-3k

28
Q

what is the efficiency argument?

A

insurance = better care = more prevention = less emergency and high cost services. Better outcomes and lower costs

29
Q

a myopic person eating unhealthy food has a _____ discount rate than a non-myopic person

A

higher. More immediate benefit of the food/experience

30
Q

according to Dr. Miller, the health improvements from 1930-60 likely happened as a result of what?

A

health technology improvements

31
Q

what features cause companies to invest in the brand?

A

high observability of the quality
high consequences of quality
long term / brand equity

32
Q

what’s a pmn?

A

pre manufacture notice

33
Q

who has to submit PMN’s ?

A

companies using a new chemical, and companies offering supplements

34
Q

how long does the FDA have to respond to a supplement PMN?

A

75 days

35
Q

how long doe the EPA have to respond to a chemical PMN?

A

90 days

36
Q

what does ex post mean?

A

based on actual results, not forecasts

37
Q

what does ex ante mean?

A

based on forecasts, not results

38
Q

when does supplier induced demand happen?

A

when there’s information asymmetry or when incentives are not properly aligned between agent/principal

39
Q

what type of inefficiency do we normally associated with spending on a flat curve?

A

low allocative efficiency - spending more money on low MB services

40
Q

how does insurance affect private vs social opportunity costs?

A

makes private opportunity costs lower than social opportunity costs

41
Q

are the private or social net benefits greater with insurance?

A

private

42
Q

what is a point-of-service insurance plan?

A

A point-of-service health plan is a plan that allows members to have the option of using it as
an HMO or PPO at the point of service. When using it as a PPO, members pay more for the
greater amount of choices they have.

43
Q

what type of insurance plan employs a capitation model?

A

HMO

44
Q

what does a medical loss ratio of 70% represent?

A

70% of the premium went to covering medical expenses, while 30% went to other stuff.

45
Q

would a patient prefer a higher or lower medical loss ratio?

A

higher, more of their premium goes to the actual costs

46
Q

If the introduction of several experience-rated pools causes community-rated Risky
Business to go out of business, what term characterizes this phenomenon?

A

adverse selection death spiral

47
Q

why would someone want to pay into a risk pool?

A

It allows them to replace their uncertainty in spending on healthcare with a certain, known
cost. You are sharing your risk with others, which reduces each individual’s

48
Q

what is a replacing fertility rate?

A

2.1

49
Q

what exactly is the fertility rate?

A

number of children per woman under 50

50
Q

what is a dependency ratio?

A

ratio of non-working (retired/dependent) people to working people.

51
Q

how much water falls in Norcal and how much is used in SoCal

A

2/3, 2/3

52
Q

two arguments against global warming being natural, or caused by water vapor

A

water vapor concentrations haven’t changed
(Increase in temperatures correlate strongly with increase in
CO2 emissions)

53
Q

livestock methane emissions account for what percentage of GHG?

A

3%

54
Q

equation to add 3 years to a live at a VSLY of $100K, discount rate of 3% and adding to age 57

A

(1/1.03^57 + 1/1.03^58 + 1/1.03 ^59) * 100,000 = $54,036

55
Q

two figures used to calculate VSL

A

probability of death reduced X cost people would pay for it

56
Q

two ways of quantifying value of reduced mortality probability

A

reported and observed preference

57
Q

if the demand curve is more elastic than the supply curve, who has the greater surplus, consumer or producer?

A

producer

58
Q

what is a tragedy of the commons?

A

when a common resource

is exploited due to people acting in their own self-interest.

59
Q

when a common resource

is exploited due to people acting in their own self-interest.

A

tragedy of the commons

HumBioi 4B (5 decks)

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