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KNES 244 - Sociology of Movement Cultures > Midterm Prep # 2 > Flashcards

Midterm Prep # 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do sociologists mean when they say sports are “mediated”?

A

Sports are presented, or represented to viewers, readers and listeners in selective images for narratives (framed in a specific way)

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2
Q

What types of images and narratives are used when talking about sport?

A

Narrative of melodrama, heroes rise and fall, villains are defeated and women play supporting roles to the men’s central roles

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3
Q

Sports media narratives tend to tell a story that…

A

…exaggerates the spectacular
…concentrates on, and if necessary, invent rivalries
…creates and bolsters athletes as celebrities and cultural icons

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4
Q

What are some ideological themes in sports media narratives?

A

Gender: Women’s sports are underrepresented in media coverage (women are sexualized and their achievements are trivialized)
Sexuality: The erasure os homosexuality (erasing athletes)
Racial identity: racial stereotypes (whiteness perceived as the norm in some sports like hockey)
Nationality: Nationalism and national identity (militarism)

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5
Q

What is the sports media complex?

A

A partnership between the media, professional sports leagues/organizations and advertisers
Mutually beneficial and generate billions of dollars in revenue
Share economic and ideological agendas

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6
Q

What are two important questions about sports mediation?

A
  • Should important elements of national culture and events of national significance, such as the Olympics, be made freely available to Canadians and in both French and English?
  • Political, ideological and economic struggles over who should have access to sports and what should be taxpayer funded
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7
Q

When was sport first televised in Canada?

A

FIrst in 1952, hockey was televised on CBC and Radio-Canada
It was universally available - all Canadians had viewing rights
Grey Cup 1959 had 5 millions viewers

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8
Q

What happened in sports media in the 1960s?

A

The rise of paid cable channels

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9
Q

What was the first 24 hr cable specialty sports channel?

A

TSN

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10
Q

Who owned the toronto blue jays?

A

Labatt brewing company

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11
Q

What changed with TSN in 1984?

A
  • They could now air tournaments and playoff series
  • Marks the privatization of sports media in Canada
  • Only 3.1% broadcasted were women’s sports between 1985 and 1991
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12
Q

What happened with CBC in the 1990s?

A

They had to fight to keep their right to broadcast NHL hockey and the Olympics
They said that the viewership from sports would subsidize their other content

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13
Q

What happened in the late 20th and early 21st century?

A

Changes in regulatory frameworks, massive mergers and telecommunications giants outbid CBC for airing rights

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14
Q

What did CTV Sportsnet launch?

A

1998

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15
Q

What did Rogers do?

A

Used its presence in the sports world to sell phones
Has exclusive NHL rights until 2026
Naming rights for multiple sports teams (raptors, baseball stadium, hockey arenas)

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16
Q

What TV networks sprout from Bell?

A

TSN and CTV

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17
Q

What sprouts from Rogers?

A

Sportsnet and the blue jays

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18
Q

What lines are blurring in men’s professional sports?

A

Media and sports and advertising

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19
Q

What are the problems with the privatization of sports broadcasting?

A

Small number of corporations control the media outlets, sports drive viewership and are inseprable from profit

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20
Q

Why is physical activity not the solutions to all health problems?

A

The problems are chronic and multifactorial

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21
Q

What is the individual level that shapes our health?

A
  • Genetics
  • Lifestyles choices (exercise, nutrition, etc)
  • Immediate family environment
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22
Q

What are structural conditions that shape our health?

A

Recognizes that some people are more able to make lifestyle changes than others - factors that constrain or enable peoples opportunities to be healthy

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23
Q

What are health defining factors?

A

Food insecurity, safe and good quality housing, access to education, job insecurity, social supports, income inequality, and whether one experiences discrimination based on identity

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24
Q

What is healthism?

A

A societal preoccupation with health at the individual level rather than external factors influencing health, such as culture, environment, the economy, or other considerations

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25
Q

What are important points of healthism?

A

Moralizing ideology, emphasizes the importance of willpower, self control and individual responsibility to maintain one’s health

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26
Q

What is an upstream determinant of physical activity?

A

Structural or societal level

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27
Q

What is a downstream determinant of physical activity?

A

Individual level

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28
Q

Why is BMI not a good tool to use?

A

Does not take into account racial, ethnic or other differences, as well as how fat is distributed

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29
Q

What are some beliefs about sport and class?

A

Rags to riches
Sports are available to anyone, especially amateurs
Those from disadvantaged backgrounds can achieve upward mobility through sports
Sports offer a level playing field

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30
Q

How are sports tied to class and power?

A

Sports and sports participation are deeply enmeshed in issues of money and power and are linked to the distribution of economic, political and social resources

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31
Q

What is social class?

A

Categories of people who share an economic position in society based on a combination of their income, wealth, education, occupation and social connections

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32
Q

What are life chances?

A

The odds of someone being able to achieve economic power and financial success

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33
Q

What is social mobility?

A

Changes in wealth, education, and occupation over a person’s lifetime or from one generation to the next in families

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34
Q

What is the rags to riches narrative?

A

They are common feel good stories about athletes rising from humble beginnings to the highest social and economic classes of society based through playing professional sports

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35
Q

What is a meritocracy?

A

A hierarchical ranking and reward system system in which an individual’s demonstrated performance determines where the individual will end up in the hiercharchy

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36
Q

Why are Canada and the United States often seen as meritocracies?

A

They are seen as societies in which everyone supposedly has an equal chance of success and high achievement

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37
Q

What two conditions must be present for a society to be a meritocracy?

A

Equality of opportunity
Equality of condition

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38
Q

What is the illusion of a (true) meristocracy?

A

Economic success seems to be an indicator of character and worth
No consideration of how difficult upward social mobility is

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39
Q

What is the association between social class and sports participation?

A

Olympic athletes tend to come from privileged families and social classes
Canada’s high performance athletes parents are more likely to have professional or managerial jobs

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40
Q

Who participates in sports, how they participate in sports, and who watches sports are all related to what?

A

Social class

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41
Q

High incomes, higher status occupations and higher level educations lead to what?

A

highest levels of sports participation, spectatorship at live events and TV viewership

42
Q

Who makes up a large portion of people living below the poverty line and how is their sport and leisure time affected?

A

Women, and they have less “free time” due to their childcare responsibilities

43
Q

What is the reason Canada gives to explain government funding for high performance sport?

A

Inspiration to other Canadians amd everyday citizens to join the sport

44
Q

What happens with increased government funding for high performance sport?

A

Increases the amount of medals Canada wins
Decreases broadly based participation in sport

45
Q

What changes would need to occur in order to ensure grassroots participation in sport?

A

Need strong policies to ensure support at the grassroots level and early low-cost participation in sport development programs

46
Q

What is public subsidy?

A

Form of taxes put towards building or renovating facilities for major sporting events (the Olympics, Pan Am games, World Juniors Hockey, etc.)

47
Q

Does the public benefit from large public investment (taxes) into sporting facilities?

A

Not really, usually there are user fees

48
Q

What is happening to public sector supported programs, facilities, and municipal recreation?

A

Large cuts to their budgets, which have lead to formerly free programs now containing fees because of decreased participation

49
Q

Who most often sees the benefits of publicly subsidized sporting facilities?

A

Mostly by professional and high performance sports participants, corporations and the wealthy

50
Q

What is the definition of ethnicity?

A

A form of identification based on an ideology of a common history and common social and cultural practices, such as language, religion and history
i.e. irish-catholics, punjabi-sikhs, italian-canadians

51
Q

What is the definition of race?

A

Socially constructed distinctions between groups of people based on physical or genetic characteristics, such as skin colour, hair type, and facial features

52
Q

What is a racial ideology?

A

A web of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to specific physical traits such as skin colour and to evaluate people in terms of how they are classified by race
Can be subtle, or something that happens over a period of time

53
Q

What is the definition of racism?

A

Attitudes, actions, and policies based on the belief that people in one racial category are inherently superior to people in one or more other categories

54
Q

When did the ideas of racism become more common?

A

During the european expansion (beginning in about 1450)

55
Q

What were racist systems used to justify?

A

Colonization, forced religious conversion, slavery and genocide

56
Q

What is scientific racism and when did it become prevelent?

A

From the mid 1800s to 1930s - Scientists claimed that the had scientifically concluded that Europeans were superior intellectually, physically and culturally

57
Q

What do sociologists say is the myth of race?

A

All humans, and other species, include variation among their members
No human was ever isolated long enough or completely enough to develop differences to warrant classification as a different race

58
Q

Racial categories are _____ _____________ based on meanings given to selected physical traits

A

social creations

59
Q

How is race a social construction?

A

Perceived physical differences are given meaning by their social context

60
Q

What is the “one drop rule”?

A

In the United States, the “one drop rule” states that anyone with black ancestry, no matter how distant, was considered Black

61
Q

What are the positive attributes of sports and radicalized athletes?

A
  • Very visible showcase
  • Place for activism and representation
  • Place for collaboration
  • Bodily skill can be developed freely
  • Enable cross-racial interaction and cooperation
62
Q

What are the negative attributes of sports and radicalized athletes?

A
  • Spaces of movement cultures are not free from racism
  • Sports can be the site of proliferation of racial ideologies
  • Few institutions showcase the achievements of visible minorities
63
Q

What relationship is described with the quote, “sports are the producers and the products of racial ideologies.”

A

A dialectical relationship

64
Q

What was happening in the early 1900s with scientific racism?

A

Strong associations between race, masculinity and sporting excellence

65
Q

How was black athletic success explained?

A

It was suggested that physical prowess existed at the expense of intelligence

66
Q

Black athletes success in the early 20th century was attributed to what?

A

Unfair natural advantages, they were a threat to (perceived) white racial superiority

67
Q

Who is Jack Johnson?

A

The first Black American to hold the World Heavyweight Championship title

68
Q

Who is Jim/James Jefferies?

A

“The great white hope”

69
Q

What is the role of the media in racial ideologies and sports?

A

Discipline, hard work, and other words are used to describe white athletes
Black athletes are described as stronger, with more physical prowess

70
Q

What were themes arising from Black Girls Run?

A
  1. Desire to run with others who look like them
  2. Foster social connection and community
  3. Challenge statistics and dominant narratives about Black women
71
Q

What are barriers to to black girls running?

A

Unsafe neighbourhoods
lack of leisure time

72
Q

What is person-first language?

A

Foregrounds the personhood of the individual
i.e. person with a disability

73
Q

What is identity-first language?

A

The person’s impairment (or disability) comes first
i.e. disabled person

74
Q

Why are sports the centre of inclusion battles for people with disabilities?

A

Sports programs tend to focus on elite athletes and not people who need extra help to participate

75
Q

What is ableism?

A

Interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to identify people as physically or intellectually disabled

76
Q

What effect does ableism have on society?

A
  • Can justify treating persons with disabilities as inferior
  • Rejects that physical and intellectual variation is normal!
  • Ignores the socially constructed nature of disability
77
Q

What are the 3 types of discrimination?

A
  1. Institutionalized or structural
  2. Interpersonal
  3. Internalized
78
Q

What is the medical model of disability?

A
  • Disability is an individualized condition, and responsibility is on the person to “overcome” their disability
  • Sharp distinction between “disabled” and “normal” (as opposed to a spectrum)
  • Medical interventions focus on making disabled people as close to “normal” as possible
79
Q

What is the social model of disability?

A
  • Non-accessible environment is the problem, no the person who has an impairment
  • Enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
80
Q

What are physical/environmental examples of disabling barriers?

A

Representation in TV shows
Changes in physical spaces, universal design

81
Q

What are political examples of disabling barriers?

A

Policies that have children separate from able peers
Everyone educated together, no separation

82
Q

What are social/attitudinal examples of disabling barriers?

A

What people are told they are able to do, also representation in TV shows, overcoming ideology

83
Q

What is universal design?

A
  • Products, building features, and elements which can be used by everyone to the greatest extent possible
  • Aims to minimize need for add-on products or devices that can be expensive and stigmatizing
84
Q

What is the “Empire of the Normal?”

A

Mainstream society emphasizes “normalcy”
Competitive, high-performance sports are given high priority in the “Empire”

85
Q

What kind of polite questions are asked about visual impairments in the Empire of the Normal?

A
  • What happened to you?
  • Why are you this way?
86
Q

Who founded the Paralympics?

A

Ludwig Guttman of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital-WWII era, England

87
Q

Why were the paralympics founded?

A

Sports were used as rehab for injured veterans

88
Q

What was founded in 1888?

A

Deaf games

89
Q

What was founded in 1909?

A

Blind games

90
Q

What did parasports and the Paralympics look like in the late 1960s - early 1970s?

A

Largely white men with spinal cord injuries, amputation and/or visual impairments
Movement to include athletes with cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities and other disabilities in the paralympics

91
Q

What is happening to the modern paralympics?

A

Emphasis on competition and therefore they are cutting out events

92
Q

What are the consequences of of cutting out events at the paralympics?

A

Participation decreases for women, those with congenital disabilities and significant impairments

93
Q

What are some internal challenges with the paralympics?

A

Commercial success is becoming more important
How can they create fair competition?
How can they organize athletes?

94
Q

Why is there tension between the IOC and the IPC?

A

The IOC does not want to share resources with the IPC
In 2016 a new agreement was signed - Contacts now cover both Olympics and Paralympics

95
Q

What are the Special Olympics?

A

For individuals with a range of intellectual disabilities, including the neurodiverse - NOT HIGH PERFORMANCE SPORT
Sponsors more than 50 000 competitions a year and raises more money than any other NGO

96
Q

When were the Special Olympics founded?

A

1968

97
Q

What are criticisms of the Special Olympics?

A

Mostly taught by able bodied people
Participants are usually not seen as athletes and are valued for other characteristics

98
Q

What are the responses to criticisms of the Special Olympics?

A

Co-designs of programming: “nothing about us without us”
Encourage broader society to integrate people with disabilities

99
Q

What is inspiration porn?

A

It presents disabled people as “extraordinary” or “heroic”, often for accomplishing ordinary things
Disability is portrayed as a terrible tragedy to overcome

100
Q

What do disabled peoples struggles serve as for the able-bodied?

A
  1. A heartwarming spectacle
  2. Provokes shame “if they can do it, why can’t I?”
101
Q

What so wrong about inspiring others?

A

Represents people with disabilities as different from non-disabled people

KNES 244 - Sociology of Movement Cultures (3 decks)

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