Finals Prep

Question 1

Why study gender and sport?

Answer 1

Fairness and equity issues
- Sports participation patterns (girls and women)
- Inequities: participation opportunites, coaching/admin jobs, financial support for athletes

Question 2

Gender ideology in sports…

Answer 2

• is produced and reproduced
• can constrain people’s lives
• can undermine equity

Question 3

What are the two types of gender barriers in sports?

Answer 3

1. ideological: the webs of ideas and beliefs appropriate behaviour for specific genders
2. structural: the organization and distribution of opportunites, the resources to be able to use an opportunity

Question 4

What is sex?

Answer 4

• Biological differences between males and females
• Maleness and femaleness: but there is also a spectrum/range (intersex people)

Question 5

What is gender?

Answer 5

• People identify with their biological sex, or have a different self-conception
• An idea that has been developped and modified over time in order to classify certain types of behaviours
• Socail definition of masculinity and femininity
• Express expectations for proper sports participation

Question 6

Why do sociologist say that traits and behaviours are scocially construced?

Answer 6

Due to socialization, some traits are considered innately male or innately female

Question 7

What is the diagram of Social Construction of the Gendered Individual?

Answer 7

Experiences, identities and bodies are at the centre of and influenced by…
- Ideological formations (values, beliefs, ideas)
- Institutional structures (rules, codes, organization)
- Cultural practices (acts, performances, routines, sports!)
- Cultursl texts (media forms, content)

Question 8

What is gender order?

Answer 8

• Social system characterized by unequal power relations
• Struggle between different masculinities (specifically, certain expressions of masculinity) and femininities
• Options for participation: who gets to play? how do they get to play? under what conditions can they play?

Question 9

What is an example of socially condition behaviour in sports?

Answer 9

beliefs that girls are meant for more aesthetic sports, and boys are hardwired for aggressive sports

Question 10

What are the traditionally considered more masculine sports?

Answer 10

First: football
Second: Hockey, baseball, boxing/MMA, basketball

Question 11

What are the consequences of increasing participation of women in sports like rugby, ice hockey and boxing?

Answer 11

• Challenges stereotypes about women’s sports abilities and capabilities, and about idealized feminine forms of sporting activity
• Can cause us to question our assumptions about gender norms outside of sports

Question 12

What was happening in the late 1980s surrounding gay athletes?

Answer 12

An author could not find one athlete that was out to their teammates

Question 13

What does hazing have to do with masculinity?

Answer 13

Hazing has historically been understood to be sexist and homophobic

Question 14

What are the purposes of hazing?

Answer 14

How a person becomes part of the team: something to prove yourself, rite of passage or demonstrate obedience

Question 15

What is homohysteria?

Answer 15

Heterosexual men’s fears of being publicly homosexualized by violating rigid boundries of heteromasculinity

Question 16

What happened in the early years of a hazing study (2003)?

Answer 16

Same-sex sexual activities prevalent in hazing in men’s rugby and hockey teams

Question 17

What does the term gay chicken mean?

Answer 17

Prove allegiance to team and development of a homophobic team culture (reinforcement og hegemonic masculine norms)

Question 18

What happened in the later years of a hazing study (2009) and why?

Answer 18

By years 6 and 7, same-sex sexual acts were no longer im use.
Why? No longer had the desired effect, no longer degrading/humiliating

Question 19

When was homophobia rapidly decreasing?

Answer 19

End of the 2010s (2008-2010)

Question 20

What did the rapid decrease in homophobia allow men to do?

Answer 20

Heterosexual men feel freer to act in feminine ways, and as the homophobia diminishes more male athletes will come out

Question 21

Who is Michael Sam?

Answer 21

• 1st openly gay player drafted into the NFL
• Career was under a magnifying glass by reporters
• Never made it from the practice squad to roster and was eventually let go

Question 22

What are the odds of a closted player on an NFL team?

Answer 22

~10% of the population

Question 23

Who is Ryan Russell?

Answer 23

One bisexual player in the NFL (formerly of Tampa and Dallas)
He could pass as heterosexual with the connection to females

Question 24

What is the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy?

Answer 24

From the miltary, we won’t ask about your sexuality, but don’t be open about it

Question 25

What were the shifts in sports culture over the years?

Answer 25

- Support from straight players has increased - Reduction in the "don't ask, don't tell policy" - changes in attitudes within wider sports industry

Question 26

What are the comparisons between research from 2017 and 1996 on young elite athletes and attitudes towards homosexuality?

Answer 26

2017: Broadly supported gay rights (same sex marriage) and homosexuality in sports 1996: The opposite, not supported

Question 27

Who is Brock McGillis?

Answer 27

- One of the first elite male athletes to come out as gay in hockey - Had to supress his identity to fit in - Hockey fostered a very negative environment towards homosexuality

Question 28

What are the stages of the movement toward "inclusive masculinity"?

Answer 28

Homoerasure (1900s-1980s): extermely homophobic culture, fails to recognize that gay people exsist Homohysteria (1980s): Cultural panic around homosexuality Inclusivity (last 20 years): Minimal stigma around homosexuality, less rigidity around masculine gener norms

Question 29

What happens with more inclusive masculinity?

Answer 29

- Men can be more emotionally open - Freer with affection towards other men (bromance?) - Pushing the boundries of tradition masculinity - Less rigidity surrounding what men wear and how they present themselves

Question 30

What are politics?

Answer 30

"Any activity related to influencing, making, and implementing decisions that affect collections of groups of people, from small groups to societies." Broader sense - politics are about power, who or what group has authority to enact their preferred ideologies, structures, and meanings in a society

Question 31

What is Canada's sport policy framework?

Answer 31

Canadian Sport Policy 2012 Government funded (taxpayer money)

Question 32

What policies are included in Canada's sport policy framework?

Answer 32

- Doping - Participation in sports for women and girls - Sports for persons with disabilites

Question 34

What are thorny policy issues and what is an example of one?

Answer 34

Controversial or challenging policies, where people have competing priorities i.e. concussion

Question 35

What is the Canadian federal sport system?

Answer 35

Canadian Heratige feeds into... Sport Canada Sport Canada feeds into... National Multisport Service Organizations (MSOs), National Sport Organizations (NSOs), and Olmpic and Paralympic Sport Centres and Institutes National Multisport Service Organizations (MSOs) include... Own the Podium (OTP), Canadian Olympic Committee (COC), Commonwealth Games Canada and Right to Play

Question 36

What is B2ten?

Answer 36

Privately funded sports training for elite athletes

Question 37

What is civil society?

Answer 37

Groups and organizations working in the interest of citzens, but not officially as a part of the government or for-profit sector (Non-Goverment Organizations [NGO])

Question 38

What are important sport programs in civil society?

Answer 38

MSOs (National Multisport Services Organizations) and NSOs (National Sports Organizations)

Question 39

What is soft power?

Answer 39

"Forms of power that seek to influence outcomes through non-coercive means" politics or persuation, winning hearts and minds

Question 40

What happened during the cold war (1947-1991)?

Answer 40

- Played out via proxy wars in remote parts of the world (instead of direct armed conflict) - Also via social and cultural confrontations (like sport) that were meant to demonstrate the superiority of their way of life and economic system - Both highly invested in high performace sport

Question 41

What was the role of protests and boycotts during the cold war?

Answer 41

Each country refused to participate in events hosted by the other as a form of protest against what each called "objectable" action

Question 42

What games did the United States of America boycott along with 64 other countries becasue of the USSR's invasion of Afghanistan?

Answer 42

1980 Moscow Summer Olympics

Question 43

What was the USSR's retalitory measure to the boycotting of the 1980 games?

Answer 43

They boycotted 1984 Los Angeles Olympic games

Question 44

What was the famous hockey game between the U.S and the Soviet Union called?

Answer 44

"Miracle on ice"

Question 45

How was the 1972 Canada-Russia "summit series" seen?

Answer 45

Formally biller (by diplomats) as a venue for building bridges between the two countries Not only about hockey, but about the type of society and what socioeconomical society was better

Question 46

What do the less politically powerful and poorer countries do when it comes to sports?

Answer 46

International sports competitions provide an uncommon platform for these countries Cricket in India and west indies

Question 47

What are FIFA and the IOC?

Answer 47

FIFA = Federation Internationale de Football Association The IOC = International Olympic Committee -> Power monopolies, little oversight, their "brands" are highly desirable

Question 48

What are the 3 factors for urban policy and sports mega-events in the global south?

Answer 48

1. Commercail and political implications 2. Profitability for IOC and FIFA must be assured (plus ensure spectators comfort and safety) 3. Enhance national profile (shake of the stigma of underdevelopment)

Question 49

What are other goals of hosting mega-events?

Answer 49

- Economic growth and legitimizing urban redevelopment - National belonging - No long term development or poverty alleviation, just covered up by protection screens, settlement demolition and forced eviction

Question 50

What are the three strategies used to improve favelas that present an "image issue"?

Answer 50

1. Invisibilization 2. Pacification 3. Beautification

Question 51

What is invisibilization?

Answer 51

- Erecting walls for visual barriers - Strategic media represention that visually erase communities

Question 52

What is pacification?

Answer 52

- Improve the security situation as well as to create preconditions for future projects and infrastructure development - Massive deployment of special operations police force to kill, arrest or expel members of drug gangs

Question 53

Who are the "pacifying police units" for?

Answer 53

Potentially a positive impact for the community, but more to protect the internatioal visitors and keep them safe

Question 54

What is beautification?

Answer 54

Some communities were made to look better by way of painting, but other communities were demolished to keep the sightline clear of any poverty at these sporting events