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Biology Lab > Midterm Practical Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Practical Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Steps to Scientific Method

A

OHPEC,

Observation, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment, Conclusion

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

must be falsifiable

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3
Q

Factors

A

Must be measurable

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4
Q

Control

A

Used to minimized unintended influences

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5
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variable being measured/tested

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6
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variables controlled by investigator.

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7
Q

Beakers

A

Do not measure volume accurately

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8
Q

% Error

A

[ ( | measured volume-theoretical volume | ) / theoretical volume ] x100

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9
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

Measures either amount of light absorbed or the amount of light transmitted.

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10
Q

Magnification

A

The number of times larger an image appears than its real size

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11
Q

Total Magnification

A

Objective x ocular

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12
Q

Resolution

A

the effectiveness by which two points can be perceived as distinct

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13
Q

Contrast

A

The difference between the light and dark areas of an image; higher contrast means more difference.

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14
Q

Refraction

A

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another such that the speed of light changes

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15
Q

Index of refraction

A

A physical property defined by the speed of light in a vacuum divided by the speed of light in the medium

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16
Q

Field of View (FOV)

A

Unknown=(mag. of “known” lens/ mag. of “unknown” lens) x known diameter of fov

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17
Q

empirically

A

through use of observations

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18
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

The pattern of light absorption over a range of wavelengths for a particular substance.

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19
Q

Light Microscopes

A

Dissecting and Compound; use lenses to magnify and focus light through an object.

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20
Q

Dissecting Microscope

A

Used to examine the surface of small organisms such as insects to large cells

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21
Q

Advantage to Dissecting Microscope

A

Provides a 3D view of relatively low magnification.

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22
Q

Compound Microscope

A

Provides much greater magnification and is used to view thinly sliced tissues, individual cells, and even subcellular structures of some cells.

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23
Q

Electron Microscopes

A

Scanning and Transmission; Uses electromagnets rather than lenses to magnify and focus beams of electrons. Must be dead Organisms.

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24
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A

Can produce views of the surface of cells, much like a dissecting microscope.

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25
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A

Provides High resolution, 2D views of thinly sliced cells and is like a compound microscope.

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26
Q

Hold a microscope by it’s:

A

Arm and Base

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27
Q

Ocular Lenses

A

Eyepiece which magnify 10x

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28
Q

Objective Lenses

A

Provide most of the magnification. 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

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29
Q

Revolving Nosepiece

A

Where the fours objective lenses are placed.

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30
Q

Stage

A

Platform below the objectives

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31
Q

Condenser

A

Helps concentrate the light from the illuminator

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32
Q

Illuminator

A

Light source

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33
Q

Focusing knobs

A

Coarse adjust (larger) and fine adjust (smaller)

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34
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Have genetic material that is not enclosed by a membrane.

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35
Q

Cytosol

A

The cell’s aqueous interior

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36
Q

Cell wall

A

Exterior surface in prokaryotes and plant cells.

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37
Q

Bacteria

A

The most common prokaryote

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38
Q

Nucleus

A

Where eukaryotic cells enclose their DNA. Membrane-bound.

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39
Q

How eukaryotes divide

A

Mitosis

40
Q

How prokaryotes divide

A

Binary Fission

41
Q

Organelles

A

Additional membrane-bound compartments including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

42
Q

Prokaryotes size

A

1-10 um

43
Q

Eukaryotes size

A

10-100 um

44
Q

Protists

A

The microscope inhabitants of pond water. Single celled eukaryotes.

45
Q

E. Coli

A

Bacteria that is abundant in the human intestine

46
Q

Lactobacillus

A

The bacterium that makes yogurt

47
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Lengthy chain of cells- photosynthetic prokaryotes

48
Q

Elodea

A

Aquatic plant with leaves made up of two layers of cells.

49
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All material between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.

50
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

Helps to speed transport of nutrients and other material throughout the cell beyond the rate of simple diffusion.

51
Q

Central Vacuoles

A

Effectively reduce volume, balancing a cell’s surface area-to-volume ratio.

52
Q

Potatoes

A

Store food energy in the form of the carb starch in organelles called amyloplasts

53
Q

Cell

A

Basic unit of life; smallest structure that can perform life functions.

54
Q

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

A 
P- No nucleus, nucleoid. 
P- no organelles
P- 1-10 um 
E- Nucleus
E- Organelles
E- 10-100 um
55
Q

Bacteria cell wall composition

A

Peptidoglycan (murein), polysaccharide made of 2 monosaccharides.

56
Q

Plants cell wall composition

A

Cellulose, poly made of single mono (glucose)

57
Q

Fungi membrane composition

A

Chitin, poly made of single mono (N-acetyl glucosamine -NAG)

58
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

1-10 um, double membranes, have own DNA

59
Q

“blue-green algae”

A

Cyanobacteria

60
Q

Amoeba

A

Protist, no cell wall, pseudopodia, moves away from light.

61
Q

Pseudopodia

A

False Feet

62
Q

Amoeboid Movement

A

Using pseudopodia to move through cytoplasmic streaming

63
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

Expels water in a cell by osmoregulation.

64
Q

Paramecium

A

Protist, use cilia to move.

65
Q

Hypermastigote

A

Protists that reside within termites. Digest wood, cellulose. Have spirochetes, beat to move (not cilia)

66
Q

Diffusion

A

A random movement toward a state of equilibrium. When a substance moves from high to low concentration. DOWN concentration gradient

67
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

68
Q

Hypertonic

A

A solution with higher solute concentration than another solution; water flows in

69
Q

Hypotonic

A

A solution with lower solute conc than another solution; water flows out.

70
Q

Isotonic

A

Solutions with equal solute conc.

71
Q

Animals Osmosis

A

No protection in hypotonic, it will burst. Shrivels up in hypertonic.

72
Q

Plants osmosis

A

uses cell walls to keep in tact in hypotonic.

73
Q

pH

A

A measure of the conc of hydrogen ions in a sol.

74
Q

pH = 7

A

neutral

75
Q

pH

A

acidic

76
Q

pH > 7

A

basic

77
Q

pH formula

A

-log[H+]

78
Q

Standard curve

A

A plot of a series of samples with known conc of substance against their relative absorbances.

79
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid; part of a chromosome.

80
Q

DNA structure

A

Polymer made of 2 chains in shape of a double helix.

81
Q

DNA chains

A

Polynucleotides; each made up of a nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group.

82
Q

Polypeptide backbone

A

made up of repeating phosphate-sugar units.

83
Q

Phosphate groups

A

each have one negative charge, DNA is acidic, thus hydrophobic.

84
Q

Purine

A

2 fused rings;

Adenine & Guanine

85
Q

Pyrimidine

A

1 ring;

Cytosine & Thymine

86
Q

Nitrogenous pairs

A

Purine and Pyrimidine;
A - T (2 H bonds)
G - C (3 H bonds)

87
Q

Shampoo

A

breaks open the cells and dissolves the membranes

88
Q

Baking soda

A

maintains pH

89
Q

Isopropanol

A

Precipitates DNA (DNA will clump together)

90
Q

NaCl (sodium chloride)

A

helps precipitate DNA by neutralizing negative charges (prevents DNA from repelling each other)

91
Q

UV Spectrophotometer

A

Measure absorbance of UV lights, can determine amount of DNA.

92
Q

DNA peak absorbance

A

260 nm

93
Q

Estimate of DNA

A

OD(260)x50 (ug)

94
Q

Protein peak absorbance

A

280 nm

95
Q

Purity of prep

A

A(260)/A(280)

Biology Lab (2 decks)

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