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Phy Pharm LAB > (Midterm) Post-lab Discussion Handouts > Flashcards

(Midterm) Post-lab Discussion Handouts Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules in which most of the bonding structures can be described by classical theories of valency between atoms, but one or more of these bonds are somewhat anomalous

A

Complex Compounds

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2
Q

Types of Complexes

A
  1. Metal Complex
  2. Organic molecular complex
  3. Inclusion Complex
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3
Q

Leads to the formation of coordination bonds
between the species

A

Metal Complex

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4
Q

Classification of Metal Complex

A
  1. Inorganic types
  2. Chelates
  3. Olefin types
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4
Q

Metal ion constitute the central atom
(substrate) and interacts with a base
(electron-pair donor, ligand).

A

Metal Complex

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5
Q

Components are organic molecules and these are held together by weaker forces or hydrogen bonding.

A

Organic Molecular Complexes

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5
Q

Classification of organic molecular complex

A
  1. Drug and caffeine complexes
  2. Polymer types
  3. Picric acid types
  4. Quinhydrone types
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6
Q

Caffeine + organic acid anions

A

Drug and Caffeine complexes

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6
Q

Drugs such as benzocaine, procaine and
tetracaine form complexes with caffeine.

A

Drug and Caffeine complexes

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6
Q

Examples of Drugs:

A

tannic acid, salicylic acid, phenols, etc

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6
Q

Examples of Polymers:

A

carbowaxes, plunorics, etc.

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6
Q

Caffeine + organic acids

A

Drug and Caffeine complexes

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6
Q

Picric acid forms organic molecular complexes
with weak bases, whereas it combines with
strong bases to yield salts.

A

Picric acid Types

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7
Q

Obtained by mixing alcoholic solutions of
equimolar quantities of hydroquinone and
benzoquinone.

A

Quinhydrone Complexes

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7
Q

Available as white crystalline powder, during
crystallization, certain substances form a
cage-like lattice in which the coordinating
compound is entrapped.

A

Clathrates

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7
Q

Many pharmaceutical additives such as
polyethylene glycols (PEGs), carboxymethyl
cellulose (CMC) contain nucleophilic oxygen.
These can form complexes with various drugs.

A

Polymer Types

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7
Q

Also called occlusion compounds

A

Inclusion Complex

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7
Q

One of the components is trapped in the open
lattice or cage like crystal structure of the other.

A

Inclusion Complex

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7
Q

The analysis of complexes involves the
estimation of two parameters;

A
  1. Stoichiometric ratio of ligand-to-metal or
    donor-to-acceptor.
  2. Stability constant of the complex.
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7
Q

Formed by crystallization of the host molecules.

A

Channel Types

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7
Q

Compounds such as clays, montomorillorite
(constituent of bentonite), can entrap
hydrocarbons, alcohols and glycols.

A

Layer types

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7
Q

Classification ofInclusion Complex

A
  1. Channel types
  2. Layer types
  3. Clathrates
  4. Monomolecular types
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7
Q

● Involve the entrapment of a single guest
molecule in the cavity of one host molecule.
● Most of the host molecule are cyclodextrins.

A

Monomolecular types

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7
Q

Most of the host molecule are ____________.

A

cyclodextrins

7
Q

Stability Constant

A

K

7
Q

Methods of Analysis

A
  1. Method of Continuous Variation
  2. pH titration method
7
Q

Experiments are conducted to estimate
parameters.

A

Solubility Method

7
Q

The method of distributing a solute between
two immiscible solvents can be used to
determine the stability constant for certain
complexes.

A

Distribution Method

7
Q

When mixture form complexes solubility may
increase/decrease.

A

Solubility Method

7
Q

Experiment of Solubility Method

A
  1. Caffeine (complexing agent) taken in different concentrations.
  2. Add PABA, agitate, filter and analyze drug
    content.
7
Q

One of the most reliable methods and can be
used whenever the complexation is attended by a change in pH.

A

pH Titration Method

7
Q

It is made of a weak acid and its weak conjugate base present in similar amounts.

A

Buffers

7
Q
  1. Physical state
  2. Volatility
  3. Solid state stability
  4. Chemical stability
  5. Solubility
  6. Dissolution
  7. Partition coefficient
  8. Absorption and bioavailability
  9. Reduced toxicity
  10. Antidote in metal poisoning
  11. Drug action through metal poisoning
  12. Antibacterial activity
A

Applications in Pharmacy

7
Q

Buffer resistance to change

A

Buffer Capacity

7
Q

Other methods

A
  1. NMR and infrared spectroscopy
  2. Polarography
  3. X-ray diffraction
  4. Electron diffraction
7
Q

pH closer to pKa, Buffer capacity ↑

A

Buffer Capacity

7
Q

Solution that resist change to pH

A

Buffers

8
Q

Is the science and technology of small particles.

A

Micromeritics

8
Q

As particle size decreases, surface area
increases.

A

Micromeritics

8
Q

Buffer concentration ↑, Buffer capacity ↑

A

Buffer Capacity

8
Q

The relation between buffer capacity and pH change:

A
  • When strong base is added, the pH increases least for the most concentrated buffer.
  • initial pH: 4.74
8
Q

In the area of tablet and capsule manufacture,
control of the particle size is essential in
achieving the necessary flow properties and
proper mixing of granules and powders.

A

Micromeritics

8
Q
  • Most organisms survive in a narrow pH range
  • Humans require pH~7.4
  • Solution: Use buffer with pKa~7.4
A

BuffersIn Nature: Blood

9
Q

Application of Micromeritics

A
  1. Release and Dissolution
  2. Absorption and drug action
  3. Physical stability
  4. Dose uniformity
10
Q

Methods for Particle Size Determination

A
  1. Optical microscopy (0.2 – 100 μm)
  2. Sieving (40 – 9500 μm)
  3. Sedimentation (0.08 – 300 μm)
  4. Particle volume measurement (0.5 - 300 μm)
11
Q

(0.2 – 100 μm)

A

Optical microscopy

12
Q

(0.08 – 300 μm)

A

Sedimentation

12
Q

(40 – 9500 μm)

A

Sieving

13
Q

(0.5 - 300 μm)

A

Particle volume measurement

14
Q

Method of 1-100 um

A

optical microscope, sedimentation, coulter counter, air permeability

14
Q

Method of 1 um

A

electron microscope, ultracentrifuge, adsorption

15
Q
  1. The diameter is obtained from only two
    dimensions of the particle.
  2. The number of particles that must be counted (300 – 500) to obtain a good estimate of the distribution makes somewhat slow and tedious.
A

Disadvantage of Microscopic methods

15
Q
  1. Electrical stream sensing zone method (Coulter counter)
  2. Laser light scattering methods
A

Particle Volume Measurement

15
Q
  1. Particle size ranging from 0.5 – 500 microns
  2. Gives number distribution, particle volume
    measure and can be converted to diameter.
  3. Accurate, sensitive, and fast technique.
  4. 4000 particles per second can be counted.
A

Advantages of Particle Volume Measurement

15
Q

Method of >50 um

A

Sieving

16
Q

Disadvantage of Particle Volume Measurement

A

Expensive

17
Q

Density

A
  • Apparent bulk density
  • Tapped density
18
Q
  1. Decides the size of the capsule based on bulk and tapped volume of a given sample
  2. Helps to decide the proper size of a container or packing material.
A

Applications

Phy Pharm LAB (3 decks)

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