Midterm People

Question 1

Pope Innocent VIII

Answer 1

granted support to Kramer and Sprenger for the inquisition against witches in 1484

Question 2

Kramer & Sprenger

Answer 2

published the Malleus Maleficarum in 1484-87 as a handbook to use in witchcraft hunting and trials

Question 3

Pope Innocent IV

Answer 3

authorized the use of torture in getting confessions from heresy cases in 1252

Question 4

Pope Gregory IX

Answer 4

launched condemnations of heresy against Jews, Muslims, and others between 1227-1253

Question 5

Catherine of Siena

Answer 5

Ascetic, mystic, recluse, tertiary; used public standing to write a letter to the pope to reform church, engaged in political debates

Question 6

Margery Kempe

Answer 6

Used high social standing to avoid consequences of being involved in lollardy, mysticism. screamed and cried loudly during religious services

Question 7

Angela of Foligno

Answer 7

obsessed over cleansing herself through drinking blood of Christ, water used to wash lepers. Ascetic, tertiary, recluse; screamed because love of God was so painful

Question 8

Julian of Norwich

Answer 8

Anchorite, mystic; graphic depictions of cruixifiction, association of Jesus with a Motherhood (cats)

Question 9

William of Ockham

Answer 9

Nominalist; simplest belief is the truest belief, limits to reasoning out theology

Question 10

John Wycliffe

Answer 10

established lollardy, warned against corruption that comes from telling others what the Word means

Question 11

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 11

Aristotelian views, honored catholic theologian, though controversial during his lifetime

Question 12

Pope Leo XIII

Answer 12

authorized Aquinas’ teaching as Catholic theology in 1879

Question 13

Anselm of Canterbury

Answer 13

Ontologically proving God’s existence: “because nothing else greater could be thought” & satisfaction atonement theory

Question 14

Peter Abelard

Answer 14

Interprets satisfaction atonement theory through a less bloodthirsty light; Jesus committing a loving sacrifice to unite God and his people

Question 15

St Francis of Assisi

Answer 15

Be faithful to the church while maintaining a critical eye for balance between corruption and poverty

Question 16

Bonaventure

Answer 16

Mystic; all knowing begins with faith and God is hidden within all things

Question 17

Hildegard of Bingen

Answer 17

Mystic nun; published writing and music, in a powerful position (rare) and a scientist

Question 18

Dante

Answer 18

Argued for independent rights of emporer

Question 19

Jerome

Answer 19

Ascetic, translated Vulgate; marriage is not bad, virginity is good, especially for Mary who is always a virgin

Question 20

Pope Gelasius

Answer 20

Church and state have separate authorities; should keep each other in check; in regards to the pope “bow down to divine things”

Question 21

Athanasius

Answer 21

Ascetic & monastic lifestyle; push through physical restrictions to show piety towards God

Question 22

Finnian of Clonard

Answer 22

established penitence as systematic practice in the church

Question 23

John Cassian

Answer 23

Docetism; believed in spark of good within all humans; grace is essential for salvation & free will and grace work together for human advantage

Question 24

Florus of Lyons

Answer 24

Believed in predestination, that nothing is accidental or changed; humans cannot earn God’s grace

Question 25

Radbertus

Answer 25

Eucharist as actual flesh and blood of Christ

Question 26

Ratramnus

Answer 26

Symbolism of Eucharist, that anyone who believes and receives will have Christ's body revealed to them

Question 27

Basil

Answer 27

Homoousia belief, Father, Son and Spirit are all divine and of the same hypostasis; "Godhead common, Fatherhood particular"

Question 28

Gregory of Nazianzus

Answer 28

Endorses idea of Trinity; God as begetter, Christ as begotten (fully human), Spirit as balance and life-giver, all are eternal yet not equal

Question 29

Gregory of Nyssa

Answer 29

Endorses Trinity as 1 in nature w/ 3 different persons; God is both Son and Father

Question 30

Arius

Answer 30

Jesus and God not homoousia; Son has a beginning, Father does not; Trinity is not equal

Question 31

Athanasius

Answer 31

Christ is eternal, homoousia with God, and came in the flesh (prominent in Council of Nicea)

Question 32

Apollinaris

Answer 32

Christ was not fully human (docetism), divine word replaced human mind

Question 33

Nestorius

Answer 33

Disagreed with theotokos; so focused on two natures of Christ almost forgets their union

Question 34

Cyril of Alexandria

Answer 34

Christ had human body and mind; Mary was the mother of God

Question 35

Clement of Alexandria

Answer 35

Jesus and God are the same; Jesus both divine and human; opposed ascetic and libertine extremes

Question 36

Justin Martyr

Answer 36

Apology appealed to emperor to pardon Christians from atheistic accusations

Question 37

Origen

Answer 37

warned against making assumptions of scripture out of context; find a middle ground between text and experiences

Question 38

Tertullian

Answer 38

God, Son, Spirit united in one nature; helped validate Jesus's time as a human, if he didn't actually die there is no meaning; claimed religion and philosophy are at odds

Question 39

Ignatius of Antioch

Answer 39

Opponent of Gnosticism and montanism; died for faith; believed in Jesus' real humanity

Question 40

Iranaeus of Lyons

Answer 40

tried to refute gnostic heresies, against marcionism; talked about separation of divine powers and physical world

Question 41

Eusebius

Answer 41

Role in Council of Nicea; against montaism; provided history of early practices of communion and baptism

Question 42

Paul

Answer 42

Letters to Romans and Galations, warning against false teachers and detailing what it meant to be a Christian