Midterm People Flashcards
Pope Innocent VIII
granted support to Kramer and Sprenger for the inquisition against witches in 1484
Kramer & Sprenger
published the Malleus Maleficarum in 1484-87 as a handbook to use in witchcraft hunting and trials
Pope Innocent IV
authorized the use of torture in getting confessions from heresy cases in 1252
Pope Gregory IX
launched condemnations of heresy against Jews, Muslims, and others between 1227-1253
Catherine of Siena
Ascetic, mystic, recluse, tertiary; used public standing to write a letter to the pope to reform church, engaged in political debates
Margery Kempe
Used high social standing to avoid consequences of being involved in lollardy, mysticism. screamed and cried loudly during religious services
Angela of Foligno
obsessed over cleansing herself through drinking blood of Christ, water used to wash lepers. Ascetic, tertiary, recluse; screamed because love of God was so painful
Julian of Norwich
Anchorite, mystic; graphic depictions of cruixifiction, association of Jesus with a Motherhood (cats)
William of Ockham
Nominalist; simplest belief is the truest belief, limits to reasoning out theology
John Wycliffe
established lollardy, warned against corruption that comes from telling others what the Word means
Thomas Aquinas
Aristotelian views, honored catholic theologian, though controversial during his lifetime
Pope Leo XIII
authorized Aquinas’ teaching as Catholic theology in 1879
Anselm of Canterbury
Ontologically proving God’s existence: “because nothing else greater could be thought” & satisfaction atonement theory
Peter Abelard
Interprets satisfaction atonement theory through a less bloodthirsty light; Jesus committing a loving sacrifice to unite God and his people
St Francis of Assisi
Be faithful to the church while maintaining a critical eye for balance between corruption and poverty
Bonaventure
Mystic; all knowing begins with faith and God is hidden within all things
Hildegard of Bingen
Mystic nun; published writing and music, in a powerful position (rare) and a scientist
Dante
Argued for independent rights of emporer
Jerome
Ascetic, translated Vulgate; marriage is not bad, virginity is good, especially for Mary who is always a virgin
Pope Gelasius
Church and state have separate authorities; should keep each other in check; in regards to the pope “bow down to divine things”
Athanasius
Ascetic & monastic lifestyle; push through physical restrictions to show piety towards God
Finnian of Clonard
established penitence as systematic practice in the church
John Cassian
Docetism; believed in spark of good within all humans; grace is essential for salvation & free will and grace work together for human advantage
Florus of Lyons
Believed in predestination, that nothing is accidental or changed; humans cannot earn God’s grace
Radbertus
Eucharist as actual flesh and blood of Christ
Ratramnus
Symbolism of Eucharist, that anyone who believes and receives will have Christ’s body revealed to them
Basil
Homoousia belief, Father, Son and Spirit are all divine and of the same hypostasis; “Godhead common, Fatherhood particular”
Gregory of Nazianzus
Endorses idea of Trinity; God as begetter, Christ as begotten (fully human), Spirit as balance and life-giver, all are eternal yet not equal
Gregory of Nyssa
Endorses Trinity as 1 in nature w/ 3 different persons; God is both Son and Father
Arius
Jesus and God not homoousia; Son has a beginning, Father does not; Trinity is not equal
Athanasius
Christ is eternal, homoousia with God, and came in the flesh (prominent in Council of Nicea)
Apollinaris
Christ was not fully human (docetism), divine word replaced human mind
Nestorius
Disagreed with theotokos; so focused on two natures of Christ almost forgets their union
Cyril of Alexandria
Christ had human body and mind; Mary was the mother of God
Clement of Alexandria
Jesus and God are the same; Jesus both divine and human; opposed ascetic and libertine extremes
Justin Martyr
Apology appealed to emperor to pardon Christians from atheistic accusations
Origen
warned against making assumptions of scripture out of context; find a middle ground between text and experiences
Tertullian
God, Son, Spirit united in one nature; helped validate Jesus’s time as a human, if he didn’t actually die there is no meaning; claimed religion and philosophy are at odds
Ignatius of Antioch
Opponent of Gnosticism and montanism; died for faith; believed in Jesus’ real humanity
Iranaeus of Lyons
tried to refute gnostic heresies, against marcionism; talked about separation of divine powers and physical world
Eusebius
Role in Council of Nicea; against montaism; provided history of early practices of communion and baptism
Paul
Letters to Romans and Galations, warning against false teachers and detailing what it meant to be a Christian
