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Anthropology > Midterm One Review > Flashcards

Midterm One Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anthropology?

A

the study of what it means to be human in the broadest sense

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2
Q

Holism

A

understanding all pieces rather than just the part

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3
Q

Comparison

A

consider similarities and differences in a wide range of human societies

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4
Q

Relativism

A

view the subject in terms of the background or characteristics of the subject

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5
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

the view of ones own culture as better or superior - judge other cultures based on the standards of one’s own culture

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6
Q

Variation

A

genetic differences and similarities

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7
Q

Evolution

A

change in population over generations

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8
Q

adaptation

A

change in the face of some advaersity

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9
Q

Common Concepts of Anthropology

A

Holism, Comparison, Relativism, Adaptation, Variation, Evolution

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10
Q

Physical/Biological Anthropology

A

human biology in an evolutionary framework with an emphasis on the relationship between environment, biology, and culture

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11
Q

Archaeology

A

changes in human culture and behavior

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11
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

relationship between language and culture, evolution of language in sociolinguistics

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11
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

contemporary and historically recent cultures

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12
Q

Enculturation

A

the process through which one learn about their own culture

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13
Q

Ethnography

A

description of lifeways

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14
Q

Ethnology

A

cross-cultural examination

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15
Q

Applied Anthropology

A

application of anthropological concepts, skills, knowledge, and methods to provide solutions to real world issues

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16
Q

Forces of Evolution

A

mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection

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17
Q

Correlation vs Causation

A

one does not mean the other

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18
Q

Confounding Variables

A

variables that may influence other variables to cause a certain result (these are a problem in correlational studies)

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19
Q

Ethics in Human Subject Research

A

clinical trail issues, Tuskegee syphilis is an example of bad ethics, Stanford prison experiment

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20
Q

Science Method

A

observation, testable, data collection, data analysis, test the hypothesis, reject or fail to reject, replicate

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21
Q

Falsifiable

A

ability to be proved wrong

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22
Q

Replicable

A

ability to be repeated by other scientists or researchers to achieve the same result

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23
Q

Natural Selection

A

competition, variability, heritability, adaptation, differential survival, and reproduction

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24
Q

Pseudoscience

A

a pretended science mistakenly regarded as being real, pseudo theory promotion and science denialism

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25
Q

Andrew Wakefield

A

claimed that vaccines caused autism, celebrity culture

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26
Q

Vaccines and Autism

A

example of pseudoscience, caused vaccination drop and increase in disease

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27
Q

Pseudo-Theory Promotion

A

celebrity culture, astrology

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28
Q

Science Denialism

A

fact resistance, that gender is binary

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29
Q

Race

A

appeared around 1500, culturally created, aligned with colonialism

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30
Q

Ethnicity

A

appeared in 1700s, social groups of common ancestry, culture religion, etc.

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31
Q

Ethnic Group

A

identification with others within basis of perceived common attributes

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32
Q

Ethnic Boundary Markers

A

language, religion, dress, physical characteristics, historical processes, etc.

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33
Q

Hypodescent

A

automatic assignment of mixed people to the “lower ranking” group - ex. “one drop” rule in south

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34
Q

Gender

A

spectrum, cultural, perceived, identity

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35
Q

Sex

A

spectrum based on layers: chromosomal, fetal gonadal, fetal hormonal, internal reproductive, external genitalia

36
Q

Intersex

A

umbrella term for those who are atypical

37
Q

Differences in Sexual Development

A

congenital, puberty, adulthood

38
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

XXY, 1/1000, male with some female secondary characteristics, mental impairment, infertility

39
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

XO, 1/2000 female births, sterile, incomplete development of secondary sexual characteristics, short, broad chest, webbed neck

40
Q

Trisomy X

A

XXX, 1/1000, physically normal, increase in sterility, learning disabilities, more than 3 Xs is severe cognitive impairment

41
Q

XYY Syndrome

A

1/1000 male births, fertile, above average height and muscle, increase learning disabilities, aggressive (controversial)

42
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

XY, x-linked mutation, 2-5/100000, external female characteristics or incomplete development

43
Q

Swyer Syndrome

A

XY, 1/80000, y-linked mutation, uterus, fallopian tubes, testes, no ovaries, female external, above average height and muscle

44
Q

Guevedoces Syndrome

A

XY, fertility varies, autosomal recessive trait, female genitalia, surge of testosterone at puberty

45
Q

Gender Ideology

A

a system of thoughts and values legitimizing gender roles, status, and customary behavior

46
Q

Gender Roles

A

behavior

47
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

preconceptions

48
Q

Gender Stratification

A

division and hierarchy

49
Q

Hijras

A

born men and live as women, religious: follow Mata, not masculine or feminine

50
Q

Two-Spirited People

A

great plains and southwestern Indian groups (Lakota, Sioux, Zuni), born men dress as women, brought in a lot of money as a wife, could take wives

51
Q

Manly Hearted Women

A

northern plain Indians, women with male behavior and roles, highly desirable wife, could take wives (usually elder women)

52
Q

Sexuality

A

complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors related to erotic physical contact, intimacy, and pleasure

53
Q

Pansexuality

A

attracted to all

54
Q

Skoliosexuality

A

attraction to trans or nonbinary

55
Q

Bisexuality

A

attraction to male or female

56
Q

Homosexuality

A

attraction to same sex

57
Q

Heterosexuality

A

attraction to opposite sex

58
Q

Estrus vs Hidden Ovulation

A

humans have hidden, other animals have visible, connects to the unique fact that humans use sex for pleasure

59
Q

Menopause

A

the ceasing of menstruation - no longer able to have children

60
Q

Asexuality

A

Ace, attraction to no one

61
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

who someone is attracted to

62
Q

Gender Identity

A

felt/inherit sense

63
Q

Polyamorous

A

practice of having multiple intimate relationships

64
Q

Intersectionality

A

how different aspects of a person make up the whole, individuals are shaped by lived experiences

65
Q

Great Chain of Being

A

hierarchical structure of all matters of life, Christianity

66
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

father of taxonomy, linked humans to apes, four groups of people: African, European, Asian, Native American

66
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

16th-17th centuries, advance of math, physics, natural sciences

67
Q

Enlightenment Period

A

17-18th, age of reasoning

68
Q

George Combe

A

popularized phrenology

69
Q

Franz Joseph Gall

A

founder of pseudoscience of phrenology, assumed inequality between races, skull shape and IQ

70
Q

Biological Determinism

A

link behavior and physical characteristics, claim behavior to be biologically driven

71
Q

Phrenology

A

the study of the shape and size of cranium as an indicator of character and mental abilities

72
Q

Physiognomy

A

lined features with characteristics and race

73
Q

Johann Blumenbach

A

“variety of man,” monogenism, classify based on traits, craniometry, other races believe degeneration from Caucasians

74
Q

Monogenism

A

belief that all humans descended from one pair of people

75
Q

Polygenism

A

Nott and Gliddon, types of mankind, races considered separate species

76
Q

Inductive Approach

A

priority: collect evidence, data generate theory, with enough data = evident relationships and principals

77
Q

Deductive Approach

A

priority: develop, test, falsify hypothesis

78
Q

Samuel Morton

A

father of scientific racism, polygenist, collected hundreds of skulls, selective sampling, biased measurements, others variables

79
Q

Craniometry

A

measurement of skull and facial structure

80
Q

Craniology

A

study of skulls as a whole

81
Q

Reductionism

A

explaining something complex in much simpler terms

82
Q

Recapitulation

A

reconstruct the tree of life, Hacckel, criteria for ranking people

83
Q

Criminal Anthropology

A

Lombroso, belief in innate criminality, physiognomy, examples in nature (anthropomorphism), recapitulation

84
Q

Stephen Jay Gould

A

pushed against scientific racism, the mismeasure of man

85
Q

Genetic Determinism

A

traits or behaviors are biologically/genetically determined

86
Q

Paul Broca

A

founder of society of Anthropology, “intermixing reduced biological fitness,” brachycephaly and dolicocephaly

87
Q

Franz Boas

A

father of American Anthropology, immigrant study in 1912: significant differences in head size between us born immigrant children and their parents

88
Q

Primate Evolution

A

Asian branch vs. early Europe branch

Anthropology (3 decks)

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