Midterm One Review Flashcards
What is Anthropology?
the study of what it means to be human in the broadest sense
Holism
understanding all pieces rather than just the part
Comparison
consider similarities and differences in a wide range of human societies
Relativism
view the subject in terms of the background or characteristics of the subject
Ethnocentrism
the view of ones own culture as better or superior - judge other cultures based on the standards of one’s own culture
Variation
genetic differences and similarities
Evolution
change in population over generations
adaptation
change in the face of some advaersity
Common Concepts of Anthropology
Holism, Comparison, Relativism, Adaptation, Variation, Evolution
Physical/Biological Anthropology
human biology in an evolutionary framework with an emphasis on the relationship between environment, biology, and culture
Archaeology
changes in human culture and behavior
Linguistic Anthropology
relationship between language and culture, evolution of language in sociolinguistics
Cultural Anthropology
contemporary and historically recent cultures
Enculturation
the process through which one learn about their own culture
Ethnography
description of lifeways
Ethnology
cross-cultural examination
Applied Anthropology
application of anthropological concepts, skills, knowledge, and methods to provide solutions to real world issues
Forces of Evolution
mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection
Correlation vs Causation
one does not mean the other
Confounding Variables
variables that may influence other variables to cause a certain result (these are a problem in correlational studies)
Ethics in Human Subject Research
clinical trail issues, Tuskegee syphilis is an example of bad ethics, Stanford prison experiment
Science Method
observation, testable, data collection, data analysis, test the hypothesis, reject or fail to reject, replicate
Falsifiable
ability to be proved wrong
Replicable
ability to be repeated by other scientists or researchers to achieve the same result
Natural Selection
competition, variability, heritability, adaptation, differential survival, and reproduction
Pseudoscience
a pretended science mistakenly regarded as being real, pseudo theory promotion and science denialism
Andrew Wakefield
claimed that vaccines caused autism, celebrity culture
Vaccines and Autism
example of pseudoscience, caused vaccination drop and increase in disease
Pseudo-Theory Promotion
celebrity culture, astrology
Science Denialism
fact resistance, that gender is binary
Race
appeared around 1500, culturally created, aligned with colonialism
Ethnicity
appeared in 1700s, social groups of common ancestry, culture religion, etc.
Ethnic Group
identification with others within basis of perceived common attributes
Ethnic Boundary Markers
language, religion, dress, physical characteristics, historical processes, etc.
Hypodescent
automatic assignment of mixed people to the “lower ranking” group - ex. “one drop” rule in south
Gender
spectrum, cultural, perceived, identity
Sex
spectrum based on layers: chromosomal, fetal gonadal, fetal hormonal, internal reproductive, external genitalia
Intersex
umbrella term for those who are atypical
Differences in Sexual Development
congenital, puberty, adulthood
Klinefelter Syndrome
XXY, 1/1000, male with some female secondary characteristics, mental impairment, infertility
Turner’s Syndrome
XO, 1/2000 female births, sterile, incomplete development of secondary sexual characteristics, short, broad chest, webbed neck
Trisomy X
XXX, 1/1000, physically normal, increase in sterility, learning disabilities, more than 3 Xs is severe cognitive impairment
XYY Syndrome
1/1000 male births, fertile, above average height and muscle, increase learning disabilities, aggressive (controversial)
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
XY, x-linked mutation, 2-5/100000, external female characteristics or incomplete development
Swyer Syndrome
XY, 1/80000, y-linked mutation, uterus, fallopian tubes, testes, no ovaries, female external, above average height and muscle
Guevedoces Syndrome
XY, fertility varies, autosomal recessive trait, female genitalia, surge of testosterone at puberty
Gender Ideology
a system of thoughts and values legitimizing gender roles, status, and customary behavior
Gender Roles
behavior
Gender Stereotypes
preconceptions
Gender Stratification
division and hierarchy
Hijras
born men and live as women, religious: follow Mata, not masculine or feminine
Two-Spirited People
great plains and southwestern Indian groups (Lakota, Sioux, Zuni), born men dress as women, brought in a lot of money as a wife, could take wives
Manly Hearted Women
northern plain Indians, women with male behavior and roles, highly desirable wife, could take wives (usually elder women)
Sexuality
complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors related to erotic physical contact, intimacy, and pleasure
Pansexuality
attracted to all
Skoliosexuality
attraction to trans or nonbinary
Bisexuality
attraction to male or female
Homosexuality
attraction to same sex
Heterosexuality
attraction to opposite sex
Estrus vs Hidden Ovulation
humans have hidden, other animals have visible, connects to the unique fact that humans use sex for pleasure
Menopause
the ceasing of menstruation - no longer able to have children
Asexuality
Ace, attraction to no one
Sexual Orientation
who someone is attracted to
Gender Identity
felt/inherit sense
Polyamorous
practice of having multiple intimate relationships
Intersectionality
how different aspects of a person make up the whole, individuals are shaped by lived experiences
Great Chain of Being
hierarchical structure of all matters of life, Christianity
Carolus Linnaeus
father of taxonomy, linked humans to apes, four groups of people: African, European, Asian, Native American
Scientific Revolution
16th-17th centuries, advance of math, physics, natural sciences
Enlightenment Period
17-18th, age of reasoning
George Combe
popularized phrenology
Franz Joseph Gall
founder of pseudoscience of phrenology, assumed inequality between races, skull shape and IQ
Biological Determinism
link behavior and physical characteristics, claim behavior to be biologically driven
Phrenology
the study of the shape and size of cranium as an indicator of character and mental abilities
Physiognomy
lined features with characteristics and race
Johann Blumenbach
“variety of man,” monogenism, classify based on traits, craniometry, other races believe degeneration from Caucasians
Monogenism
belief that all humans descended from one pair of people
Polygenism
Nott and Gliddon, types of mankind, races considered separate species
Inductive Approach
priority: collect evidence, data generate theory, with enough data = evident relationships and principals
Deductive Approach
priority: develop, test, falsify hypothesis
Samuel Morton
father of scientific racism, polygenist, collected hundreds of skulls, selective sampling, biased measurements, others variables
Craniometry
measurement of skull and facial structure
Craniology
study of skulls as a whole
Reductionism
explaining something complex in much simpler terms
Recapitulation
reconstruct the tree of life, Hacckel, criteria for ranking people
Criminal Anthropology
Lombroso, belief in innate criminality, physiognomy, examples in nature (anthropomorphism), recapitulation
Stephen Jay Gould
pushed against scientific racism, the mismeasure of man
Genetic Determinism
traits or behaviors are biologically/genetically determined
Paul Broca
founder of society of Anthropology, “intermixing reduced biological fitness,” brachycephaly and dolicocephaly
Franz Boas
father of American Anthropology, immigrant study in 1912: significant differences in head size between us born immigrant children and their parents
Primate Evolution
Asian branch vs. early Europe branch
