Anthro Final Flashcards
Darwinian Evolution
all species share a common ancestor, (change, descent with modification, survival, reproduction, isolation, gradual)
Descent with Modification
species change over time and give rise to new species
Natural Selection
the mechanism by which evolution occurs, increases variation, shift in traits in response to environment
Thomas Malthus
claimed human misery would keep population in check, promote control of marriage and parenthood, though of poor as a burden
Essay on the Principal of Population
Thomas Malthus, claimed that high populations lead to poverty, population control
Reproductive Success
over generations leads to fitness, allow your genes to carry on
Fitness
Ability to have your genes survive over many generations
Malthusian orthodoxy
underestimated earth’s carrying capacity, promoted population control
Cultural Evolutionists
Edward Tylor, Lewis Henry Morgan, Herbert Spencer, unilineal evolution and evolution of culture as an organism
Unilineal Evolution
evolution of culture and society as an organism (savagery, barbarism, civilization)
Edward Tylor
British Quaker, first professor of Anthropology at Oxford, evolution of religion in stages, argued increased rationality
Lewis Henry Morgan
American Lawyer, ethnical periods (savargy, barbarism, civilization)
Herbert Spencer
Survival of the Fittest, self-taught, the social organism, misquoted Darwin
Survival of the Fittest
most adjusted organisms will have greatest fitness
Social Darwinism
growth of laissez-faire capitalism, justified war and eugenics
Francis Galton
father of hereditarianism/eugenics, eminent man, ranked races by intelligence, proposed social intervention
Eugenics
studying human reproduction in order to increase occurrence of heritable, desirable characteristics
Gregor Mendel
different gene forms are alleles, law of segregation, law of dominance, punnet squares
Genotype
the set of genes an organism carries
phenotype
observable characteristics
law of segregation
only one of two gene copies in a parent is passed to offspring
law of dominance
only the dominant trait will exist as the phenotype
Continuous Trait
traits in which variations are distributed on a continuum
discontinuous traits
traits that may be placed into discrete categories
Ronald Fisher
genes may be influenced by the environment
Complex traits
phenotypes that are controlled by two or more genes
Chromatin
form chromosomes, packager
Chromosomes
carry genes
homologous chromosomes
pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, not necessarily identical, we have 23 pairs
Genes
basic unit of hereditary
alleles
alternative forms of a gene
intron
sequence within a gene that is not expressed in the final RNA product
exon
coding portions of DNA
protein
structural, functional, hormone, regulatory
regulatory genes
control expression of other genes
Homeobox genes
regulates features in early stages of embryonic development, segmentation of embryonic tissue
Positive Eugenics
good genes, reinforced with tax incentives, birth stipends
negative eugenics
reduce undesirable traits, methods such as marriage restriction, sterilization, abortion, and euthanasia
Franz Boas
Father of American Anthropology, cultural relativism and holism, mind of the primitive man
Racial Stereotypes
root of ethnic conflict, beliefs about an entire group of people
prejudice
ideas about a group based on preconceived notions
de facto descrimination
discrimination and segregation that is not enforced by law
de jure discrimination
discrimination that is enforced by law
ethnic conflict
caused by stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination
political accomodation
about people with diverse interests taking account of others interests or needs without compromising their own
ethnic homogenization
the process by which local cultures are transformed or absorbed by a dominant outside culture
Forced assimilation
involuntary cultural assimilation of minority groups
genocide
deliberate killing of people from a ethnic group or nation with aim of destruction (killing, inflicting condition, bodily/mental harm, birth prevention, transfer of children)
acculuration
maintaining your own culture while also adding parts of new culture
ethnocide
deliberate destruction of an ethnic group
imperialism
extending a countries power through diplomacy or military force
white man’s burden
white colonizers believed they had to impose their own beliefs and culture on others to improve them
the scramble for Africa
started after the Berlin conference, Herero and Nama
Berlin Conference
regulate territory, access to trade routes, resources, suppress international slave trade and violence, suppress import of firearms
treaty of berlin
continue impacts of the Berlin conference
Herero
larger minority group, nomadic pasturalists, bridewealth
Nama
pastoralists, hunting and gathering
Curt von Francois
violated rules of engagements with Herero and Nama
Theodore Leutwein
Herero and Nama, forced assimilation and ethnocide, unsuccessful
Lothar von Trotha
annihilation order, scorched earth policy, uses German forces
Shark Island
large concentration camp for the Herero and Nama
Eugen Fischer
German scientist, experimenter, researched race in concentration camps, Herero and Nama
Repatriation
at least 300 skulls taken and only 20 have been returned
Degeneration
change to a simpler form, biological devolution
Kristallnacht
night of broken glass, Jewish businesses and homes destroyed in mass one night
Ghettos
enclosed areas in run down parts of the cities, curfew, terrible conditions
Madagascar Plan
send all Jewish to Madagascar to be governed as a police state
Concentration Camps
people trapped and confined under harsh conditions and against legal norms of arrest
extermination camps
death camps
final solution
last stage of the Holocaust, mass murder
Wannsee Conference
meeting of German officials regarding final solution
Women’s Liberation Movement
Bodily autonomy, Economic autonomy, Sexuality, Sexual violence
Forces of Evolution
mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection
mutation
insertions and deletions, point mutations, nonsense mutation, missense mutations, silent mutation
recombination
formation of new combinations of genetic material, shuffling genotypes
Genetic Drift
traits become fixed or lost: bottle neck, founders effect
gene flow
migration or admixture, movement of alleles into and out of a population
non-random mating
choosing a partner may cause some genes to prevail
adaptations
result of natural selection, promote fitness
correlations
between distribution of genes and environmental variables
physiological mechanisms
how genes and environment link, how a gene enhances fitness
Sickle Cell Disease
point mutation, simple trait, malaria hypothesis
Hemoglobin
carries and releases oxygen
Malaria Hypothesis
Sickle cell protected against malaria and is therefore more prevalent in areas with malaria, balanced polymorphism
JBS Haldane
malaria hypothesis, many red blood disorders are more prevalent in the tropics
balanced polymorphsim
two alleles in stable equilibrium, due to natural selection, advantage of heterozygote
heterozygote advantage
with sickle cell carriers had fewer symptoms
malaria
plasmodium, zoonosis
biocultural evolution
evolution due to links between biology and culture
Zoonosis
transfer of disease to people through animals
Plasmodium Falciparum
the most deadly form of malaria
Malaysian Agricultural Complex
Modification of environment led to selection of HbS, slash and burn agriculture resulted in standing water and higher population densities
Skin pigmentation
hemoglobin, carotene, melanin, more than 150 genes, golgers rule
Clinal distribution
graduation of the frequency of a trait between populations in different regions
melanin
produces melanocytes (eumelanin and pheomelanin)
Melanocytes
we all have roughly the same amount
Lice
theory about loss of body hair
Folate
vitamin B, treats anemia
Vitamin D hypothesis
too much vitamin d destroyed folate so darker skin was developed to prevent this
hypervitaminosis d
too much vitamin d, destroys folate, calcium deposits in soft tissue
hypovitaminosis d
too little, causes rickets and osteomalacia