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Anthro Final Flashcards

1
Q

Darwinian Evolution

A

all species share a common ancestor, (change, descent with modification, survival, reproduction, isolation, gradual)

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2
Q

Descent with Modification

A

species change over time and give rise to new species

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3
Q

Natural Selection

A

the mechanism by which evolution occurs, increases variation, shift in traits in response to environment

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4
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

claimed human misery would keep population in check, promote control of marriage and parenthood, though of poor as a burden

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5
Q

Essay on the Principal of Population

A

Thomas Malthus, claimed that high populations lead to poverty, population control

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6
Q

Reproductive Success

A

over generations leads to fitness, allow your genes to carry on

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7
Q

Fitness

A

Ability to have your genes survive over many generations

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8
Q

Malthusian orthodoxy

A

underestimated earth’s carrying capacity, promoted population control

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9
Q

Cultural Evolutionists

A

Edward Tylor, Lewis Henry Morgan, Herbert Spencer, unilineal evolution and evolution of culture as an organism

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10
Q

Unilineal Evolution

A

evolution of culture and society as an organism (savagery, barbarism, civilization)

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11
Q

Edward Tylor

A

British Quaker, first professor of Anthropology at Oxford, evolution of religion in stages, argued increased rationality

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12
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A

American Lawyer, ethnical periods (savargy, barbarism, civilization)

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13
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

Survival of the Fittest, self-taught, the social organism, misquoted Darwin

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14
Q

Survival of the Fittest

A

most adjusted organisms will have greatest fitness

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15
Q

Social Darwinism

A

growth of laissez-faire capitalism, justified war and eugenics

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16
Q

Francis Galton

A

father of hereditarianism/eugenics, eminent man, ranked races by intelligence, proposed social intervention

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17
Q

Eugenics

A

studying human reproduction in order to increase occurrence of heritable, desirable characteristics

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18
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

different gene forms are alleles, law of segregation, law of dominance, punnet squares

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19
Q

Genotype

A

the set of genes an organism carries

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20
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics

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21
Q

law of segregation

A

only one of two gene copies in a parent is passed to offspring

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22
Q

law of dominance

A

only the dominant trait will exist as the phenotype

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23
Q

Continuous Trait

A

traits in which variations are distributed on a continuum

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24
Q

discontinuous traits

A

traits that may be placed into discrete categories

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25
Ronald Fisher
genes may be influenced by the environment
26
Complex traits
phenotypes that are controlled by two or more genes
27
Chromatin
form chromosomes, packager
28
Chromosomes
carry genes
29
homologous chromosomes
pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, not necessarily identical, we have 23 pairs
30
Genes
basic unit of hereditary
31
alleles
alternative forms of a gene
32
intron
sequence within a gene that is not expressed in the final RNA product
33
exon
coding portions of DNA
34
protein
structural, functional, hormone, regulatory
35
regulatory genes
control expression of other genes
36
Homeobox genes
regulates features in early stages of embryonic development, segmentation of embryonic tissue
37
Positive Eugenics
good genes, reinforced with tax incentives, birth stipends
38
negative eugenics
reduce undesirable traits, methods such as marriage restriction, sterilization, abortion, and euthanasia
39
Franz Boas
Father of American Anthropology, cultural relativism and holism, mind of the primitive man
40
Racial Stereotypes
root of ethnic conflict, beliefs about an entire group of people
41
prejudice
ideas about a group based on preconceived notions
42
de facto descrimination
discrimination and segregation that is not enforced by law
43
de jure discrimination
discrimination that is enforced by law
44
ethnic conflict
caused by stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination
45
political accomodation
about people with diverse interests taking account of others interests or needs without compromising their own
46
ethnic homogenization
the process by which local cultures are transformed or absorbed by a dominant outside culture
47
Forced assimilation
involuntary cultural assimilation of minority groups
48
genocide
deliberate killing of people from a ethnic group or nation with aim of destruction (killing, inflicting condition, bodily/mental harm, birth prevention, transfer of children)
49
acculuration
maintaining your own culture while also adding parts of new culture
50
ethnocide
deliberate destruction of an ethnic group
51
imperialism
extending a countries power through diplomacy or military force
52
white man's burden
white colonizers believed they had to impose their own beliefs and culture on others to improve them
53
the scramble for Africa
started after the Berlin conference, Herero and Nama
54
Berlin Conference
regulate territory, access to trade routes, resources, suppress international slave trade and violence, suppress import of firearms
55
treaty of berlin
continue impacts of the Berlin conference
56
Herero
larger minority group, nomadic pasturalists, bridewealth
57
Nama
pastoralists, hunting and gathering
58
Curt von Francois
violated rules of engagements with Herero and Nama
59
Theodore Leutwein
Herero and Nama, forced assimilation and ethnocide, unsuccessful
60
Lothar von Trotha
annihilation order, scorched earth policy, uses German forces
61
Shark Island
large concentration camp for the Herero and Nama
62
Eugen Fischer
German scientist, experimenter, researched race in concentration camps, Herero and Nama
63
Repatriation
at least 300 skulls taken and only 20 have been returned
64
Degeneration
change to a simpler form, biological devolution
65
Kristallnacht
night of broken glass, Jewish businesses and homes destroyed in mass one night
66
Ghettos
enclosed areas in run down parts of the cities, curfew, terrible conditions
67
Madagascar Plan
send all Jewish to Madagascar to be governed as a police state
68
Concentration Camps
people trapped and confined under harsh conditions and against legal norms of arrest
69
extermination camps
death camps
70
final solution
last stage of the Holocaust, mass murder
71
Wannsee Conference
meeting of German officials regarding final solution
72
Women's Liberation Movement
Bodily autonomy, Economic autonomy, Sexuality, Sexual violence
73
Forces of Evolution
mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection
74
mutation
insertions and deletions, point mutations, nonsense mutation, missense mutations, silent mutation
75
recombination
formation of new combinations of genetic material, shuffling genotypes
76
Genetic Drift
traits become fixed or lost: bottle neck, founders effect
77
gene flow
migration or admixture, movement of alleles into and out of a population
78
non-random mating
choosing a partner may cause some genes to prevail
79
adaptations
result of natural selection, promote fitness
80
correlations
between distribution of genes and environmental variables
81
physiological mechanisms
how genes and environment link, how a gene enhances fitness
82
Sickle Cell Disease
point mutation, simple trait, malaria hypothesis
83
Hemoglobin
carries and releases oxygen
84
Malaria Hypothesis
Sickle cell protected against malaria and is therefore more prevalent in areas with malaria, balanced polymorphism
85
JBS Haldane
malaria hypothesis, many red blood disorders are more prevalent in the tropics
86
balanced polymorphsim
two alleles in stable equilibrium, due to natural selection, advantage of heterozygote
87
heterozygote advantage
with sickle cell carriers had fewer symptoms
88
malaria
plasmodium, zoonosis
89
biocultural evolution
evolution due to links between biology and culture
90
Zoonosis
transfer of disease to people through animals
91
Plasmodium Falciparum
the most deadly form of malaria
92
Malaysian Agricultural Complex
Modification of environment led to selection of HbS, slash and burn agriculture resulted in standing water and higher population densities
93
Skin pigmentation
hemoglobin, carotene, melanin, more than 150 genes, golgers rule
94
Clinal distribution
graduation of the frequency of a trait between populations in different regions
95
melanin
produces melanocytes (eumelanin and pheomelanin)
96
Melanocytes
we all have roughly the same amount
97
Lice
theory about loss of body hair
98
Folate
vitamin B, treats anemia
99
Vitamin D hypothesis
too much vitamin d destroyed folate so darker skin was developed to prevent this
100
hypervitaminosis d
too much vitamin d, destroys folate, calcium deposits in soft tissue
101
hypovitaminosis d
too little, causes rickets and osteomalacia

Anthropology (4 decks)

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