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Anthropology > Anthro Final > Flashcards

Anthro Final Flashcards

1
Q

Darwinian Evolution

A

all species share a common ancestor, (change, descent with modification, survival, reproduction, isolation, gradual)

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2
Q

Descent with Modification

A

species change over time and give rise to new species

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3
Q

Natural Selection

A

the mechanism by which evolution occurs, increases variation, shift in traits in response to environment

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4
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

claimed human misery would keep population in check, promote control of marriage and parenthood, though of poor as a burden

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5
Q

Essay on the Principal of Population

A

Thomas Malthus, claimed that high populations lead to poverty, population control

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6
Q

Reproductive Success

A

over generations leads to fitness, allow your genes to carry on

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7
Q

Fitness

A

Ability to have your genes survive over many generations

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8
Q

Malthusian orthodoxy

A

underestimated earth’s carrying capacity, promoted population control

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9
Q

Cultural Evolutionists

A

Edward Tylor, Lewis Henry Morgan, Herbert Spencer, unilineal evolution and evolution of culture as an organism

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10
Q

Unilineal Evolution

A

evolution of culture and society as an organism (savagery, barbarism, civilization)

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11
Q

Edward Tylor

A

British Quaker, first professor of Anthropology at Oxford, evolution of religion in stages, argued increased rationality

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12
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A

American Lawyer, ethnical periods (savargy, barbarism, civilization)

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13
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

Survival of the Fittest, self-taught, the social organism, misquoted Darwin

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14
Q

Survival of the Fittest

A

most adjusted organisms will have greatest fitness

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15
Q

Social Darwinism

A

growth of laissez-faire capitalism, justified war and eugenics

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16
Q

Francis Galton

A

father of hereditarianism/eugenics, eminent man, ranked races by intelligence, proposed social intervention

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17
Q

Eugenics

A

studying human reproduction in order to increase occurrence of heritable, desirable characteristics

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18
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

different gene forms are alleles, law of segregation, law of dominance, punnet squares

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19
Q

Genotype

A

the set of genes an organism carries

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20
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics

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21
Q

law of segregation

A

only one of two gene copies in a parent is passed to offspring

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22
Q

law of dominance

A

only the dominant trait will exist as the phenotype

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23
Q

Continuous Trait

A

traits in which variations are distributed on a continuum

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24
Q

discontinuous traits

A

traits that may be placed into discrete categories

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25
Q

Ronald Fisher

A

genes may be influenced by the environment

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26
Q

Complex traits

A

phenotypes that are controlled by two or more genes

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27
Q

Chromatin

A

form chromosomes, packager

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28
Q

Chromosomes

A

carry genes

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29
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, not necessarily identical, we have 23 pairs

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30
Q

Genes

A

basic unit of hereditary

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31
Q

alleles

A

alternative forms of a gene

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32
Q

intron

A

sequence within a gene that is not expressed in the final RNA product

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33
Q

exon

A

coding portions of DNA

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34
Q

protein

A

structural, functional, hormone, regulatory

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35
Q

regulatory genes

A

control expression of other genes

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36
Q

Homeobox genes

A

regulates features in early stages of embryonic development, segmentation of embryonic tissue

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37
Q

Positive Eugenics

A

good genes, reinforced with tax incentives, birth stipends

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38
Q

negative eugenics

A

reduce undesirable traits, methods such as marriage restriction, sterilization, abortion, and euthanasia

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39
Q

Franz Boas

A

Father of American Anthropology, cultural relativism and holism, mind of the primitive man

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40
Q

Racial Stereotypes

A

root of ethnic conflict, beliefs about an entire group of people

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41
Q

prejudice

A

ideas about a group based on preconceived notions

42
Q

de facto descrimination

A

discrimination and segregation that is not enforced by law

43
Q

de jure discrimination

A

discrimination that is enforced by law

44
Q

ethnic conflict

A

caused by stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination

45
Q

political accomodation

A

about people with diverse interests taking account of others interests or needs without compromising their own

46
Q

ethnic homogenization

A

the process by which local cultures are transformed or absorbed by a dominant outside culture

47
Q

Forced assimilation

A

involuntary cultural assimilation of minority groups

48
Q

genocide

A

deliberate killing of people from a ethnic group or nation with aim of destruction (killing, inflicting condition, bodily/mental harm, birth prevention, transfer of children)

49
Q

acculuration

A

maintaining your own culture while also adding parts of new culture

50
Q

ethnocide

A

deliberate destruction of an ethnic group

51
Q

imperialism

A

extending a countries power through diplomacy or military force

52
Q

white man’s burden

A

white colonizers believed they had to impose their own beliefs and culture on others to improve them

53
Q

the scramble for Africa

A

started after the Berlin conference, Herero and Nama

54
Q

Berlin Conference

A

regulate territory, access to trade routes, resources, suppress international slave trade and violence, suppress import of firearms

55
Q

treaty of berlin

A

continue impacts of the Berlin conference

56
Q

Herero

A

larger minority group, nomadic pasturalists, bridewealth

57
Q

Nama

A

pastoralists, hunting and gathering

58
Q

Curt von Francois

A

violated rules of engagements with Herero and Nama

59
Q

Theodore Leutwein

A

Herero and Nama, forced assimilation and ethnocide, unsuccessful

60
Q

Lothar von Trotha

A

annihilation order, scorched earth policy, uses German forces

61
Q

Shark Island

A

large concentration camp for the Herero and Nama

62
Q

Eugen Fischer

A

German scientist, experimenter, researched race in concentration camps, Herero and Nama

63
Q

Repatriation

A

at least 300 skulls taken and only 20 have been returned

64
Q

Degeneration

A

change to a simpler form, biological devolution

65
Q

Kristallnacht

A

night of broken glass, Jewish businesses and homes destroyed in mass one night

66
Q

Ghettos

A

enclosed areas in run down parts of the cities, curfew, terrible conditions

67
Q

Madagascar Plan

A

send all Jewish to Madagascar to be governed as a police state

68
Q

Concentration Camps

A

people trapped and confined under harsh conditions and against legal norms of arrest

69
Q

extermination camps

A

death camps

70
Q

final solution

A

last stage of the Holocaust, mass murder

71
Q

Wannsee Conference

A

meeting of German officials regarding final solution

72
Q

Women’s Liberation Movement

A

Bodily autonomy, Economic autonomy, Sexuality, Sexual violence

73
Q

Forces of Evolution

A

mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection

74
Q

mutation

A

insertions and deletions, point mutations, nonsense mutation, missense mutations, silent mutation

75
Q

recombination

A

formation of new combinations of genetic material, shuffling genotypes

76
Q

Genetic Drift

A

traits become fixed or lost: bottle neck, founders effect

77
Q

gene flow

A

migration or admixture, movement of alleles into and out of a population

78
Q

non-random mating

A

choosing a partner may cause some genes to prevail

79
Q

adaptations

A

result of natural selection, promote fitness

80
Q

correlations

A

between distribution of genes and environmental variables

81
Q

physiological mechanisms

A

how genes and environment link, how a gene enhances fitness

82
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A

point mutation, simple trait, malaria hypothesis

83
Q

Hemoglobin

A

carries and releases oxygen

84
Q

Malaria Hypothesis

A

Sickle cell protected against malaria and is therefore more prevalent in areas with malaria, balanced polymorphism

85
Q

JBS Haldane

A

malaria hypothesis, many red blood disorders are more prevalent in the tropics

86
Q

balanced polymorphsim

A

two alleles in stable equilibrium, due to natural selection, advantage of heterozygote

87
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

with sickle cell carriers had fewer symptoms

88
Q

malaria

A

plasmodium, zoonosis

89
Q

biocultural evolution

A

evolution due to links between biology and culture

90
Q

Zoonosis

A

transfer of disease to people through animals

91
Q

Plasmodium Falciparum

A

the most deadly form of malaria

92
Q

Malaysian Agricultural Complex

A

Modification of environment led to selection of HbS, slash and burn agriculture resulted in standing water and higher population densities

93
Q

Skin pigmentation

A

hemoglobin, carotene, melanin, more than 150 genes, golgers rule

94
Q

Clinal distribution

A

graduation of the frequency of a trait between populations in different regions

95
Q

melanin

A

produces melanocytes (eumelanin and pheomelanin)

96
Q

Melanocytes

A

we all have roughly the same amount

97
Q

Lice

A

theory about loss of body hair

98
Q

Folate

A

vitamin B, treats anemia

99
Q

Vitamin D hypothesis

A

too much vitamin d destroyed folate so darker skin was developed to prevent this

100
Q

hypervitaminosis d

A

too much vitamin d, destroys folate, calcium deposits in soft tissue

101
Q

hypovitaminosis d

A

too little, causes rickets and osteomalacia

Anthropology (4 decks)

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