midterm one flash cards
bilabial formant transitions:
f2 and f3 transitions are
level or rising
alveolar formant transitions: _ transition is level or rising for _ vowels but fallign for _vowels.
_ transition is level or falling.
aleveolar formant transitions: f2__is level or rising for ___front vowels but falling for __back vowles ; f3 transition is level or falling
velar formant transitions:
f2 transition _______
f3 transition _________
f2 rises
f3 falls
cues of stops
stop gap, burst noise, vot, formant transition
stop gap
characterizing stop sounds
burst noise=
shows the place of articulation in stops
vot
shows voicing contrast in stops
formant transition
show the place of articulation in stops
acoustic characteristic of /l/
clearer boundaries (due to antiformants)
acoustics characteristics of /r/
f3 lowering
liquids are identified as ___consonants
alveolar
articulation of /l/
tongue contacts the alveolar ridge, side pulled downward allowing air to flow around the sides of the tongue
articulation of /r/
the tongue tip is bunched or curled slightly backward and does not touch the vocal tract.
liquids have more/less constriction than that of fricatives
less
liquids produce the venturi effect t/f
f
liquids in english
alveolar lateral /l/ alveolar retroflex /r/
the duration of the stop/fricative portion of an africate is _____ than the corresponding whole/fricative sound
____shorter____.
affricates
a combination of a stop and thennnnn after a fricative but in the same place of articulation. /tʃ, dʒ/ in English.
obstruents
stops and fricatives. only consonants with a voicing distinction in english
voiceless obstruents are generally ______than voiced ones
longer
vowels are generally _______ before voiceless obstruents than voiced ones
_____shorter____
anticipatory coarticulation
vocal fold vibration must stop to produce the voiceless obstruents.
voiceed fricative involve a voice bar and are ______-than the voiceless counterparts.
____–shorter______
the preceding vowel is ____for voiced fircatives
longer
sibilants
fricative sounds that have much more intense enrgy than other fricatives longer in duration than other non-sibilants. /ʃ,s,z/,
fricatives on a spectrogram
a wide band of acoustic energy distributed over a broad range of frequencies.
fricatives
Labiodental fricatives /f, v/
* Dental fricatives /θ, ð/
* Alveolar fricatives /s, z/
* Palatal fricatives /ʃ, ʒ/
* Glottal fricative /h/
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articulation of frics
narrow constriction produced when two articulators come close to eachother but not making contact. airflow becomes turbulent, experiences friction it creates a frication noise.
Venturi effect
flowing material becomes faster when through a narrow area
fricatives have a
narrow passage of air flow.
THE DURATION OF THE VOWEL IS ___before voiced stops than voiceless stops
longer
bursts for velar stops show energy in the ___of the frequency axis
middle
bursts for alveolar stops have more energy at ___frequencies than bilabial or velar stops
high
bursts for bilabials are ____than those for alveolar or velar stops
weaker
bilabial>alveolar>bilabial is the order of burst power from least to greatest.
in the spectrogram the burst may be seen as a _____. spectral content of the burst may provide information
sudden appearance of energy
on the place of articulation
a brief burst of noise occuring when the constriction
released.
the pop of a microphone
vocal fold vibration may occur during stop gap
true voiced stops
stop gap
a period of closure
voiceless stops have a gap that consists of
complete silence
voiced stops have a gap that may consists of
a voiced sound low energy during the gap
the burst corresponds to a brief __on the spectrogram
vertical spike
the constriction innterval on a spectogram
consists of silence, the silence interval, stop gap. htere is a complete closure somewhere in the vocal tract.
articulatory characteristics of stops
compllete closure
optional release bursts
articulatory characteristics of stops
a complete constriction of the vocal tract occurs, which “stops” the airflow
when the constriction is released, the air flow resumes in a burst of sound because the escaping air explodes. (hence plosive)
stops in english
bilabial p b
alveolat stops t d
velar stops /k//g//
human auditory area
intensity dB
frequency HZ
0~140dB
20~20k Hz
subsonic (infra sonic
below 20 hz elephants pigeons whales
supersonic (ultrasonic)
frequencies above 20k Hz animals communicating through supersonic sounds: bats, dogs, dolphins
loudest sound human can hear
1trillion c of intensitiesof the softest sound
exponintation vs logarithm
multiplication of same number vs the inverse
logsubscript2 8 read
“the log of 8 is 3” or “the base 2 logarithm of 8 is 3
logarithmic scale
hige range of numbers into a smaller range
1-0
10-1
100-2
1000-3
10,000-4
t/f a 10 db increase means a 20 times increase in intensity
false a 10db increase means a 10 times increase in intensity
a 10 decible increas means number times increase in intensity
a 10 decible increase means a 10 times increase in intensity
10 db
=1 bel doubling
t/f 1 db is just barely perceptible
true
intensity is percieved as
loudness
the physiological function of the human auditory system is___
logarithmic
1 v2 can tell 100 vs 101 harder to tell. human perception is logarithmic
same linear distance vs same ratio
1 vs 2 100 vs 101
1 vs 2
100 vs 200
octave in music
the interval between a note and the next note that has the same letter name. 8 tones. cdefgabc
octive in acoustics
the interval between a sound and another with the doubling frequency.
t/f 200 hz is one octave above 100 hz and 400 hz is 2 octave above 100 hz
true 220 hz 440 hz and 880 hz middle a and octaves on the piano as well as the bunch of numbers in our lab
t/f the percieved difference betewen 220 hz and 440 hz is nearly the same as the percieved difference between 440 hz and 880hz
true. its an advantage of the logarithmic scale
semitone
the interval between two adjacent notes. once octave= 12 semi notes.
rsemitone is relavant to speech perception how?
pitch accent is rnormall realized by at least 3 semitones of pitch difference like in perbit v and permit n
harmonics
sine wave components of a sound in whic htheir frequencies are equally spaced
t/f all harmonic frequencies are mutliples of the first harmonic, the fundamental frequency
true. the fundamental frequency is the first harmonic
intensity is percieved as
loudness, but also volume, or strength
intensity is the amount of _ and _
intensity is the amount of power at a given position and the amount of energy at a given time at a given position
standard and common unit of intesntiy
standard w/m-2squared
common unit in phonetics dB (decibel)
the decibel scale of a sound is decided by comparison to a standard reference sound which is……………
a sound of 0dB
0 db means silence
false techincally, its just what out human ears can hear.
jnd
just noticeable difference. minimal difference between two sounds that percieved different loudness usuall
standard unit of frequency
cps
frequency common unit in phonetics
Hz
average male and female speech
m= 75-300Hz
f=100-500Hz
sine wav is a simple ____
periodic wave. 1 cycle one repeating untit one
simple wave period
duration of a single cycle
frequency is the number of
cycles per second
periodic waves are
wave forms with a repeating pattern.
can be simple or complex
example of simple periodic wave
sine wave tuning fork
example of a complex periodic wave
vowels and sonorants. like the wave from on pratt, but cpntinuous. looks sort of like a mountain range. voiced sonorants voiced fricatives.
aperiodic waves are
waveforms with random pattern, no repeating patterns, often referred to as “noisy” sounds
examples of aperiodic waves
voiceless fricatives (bigger on the waveform) ocean waves wind rustling leaves
t/f periodic sounds dont have their frequency
f? they do what ever that means
a periodic sounds don’t have a dominant frequency
true
transient waves are
waveforms with a very brief duration. might contain periodic interval a bit. stops (plosives)
true/fals voiced fricatives are periodic sounds
true
stops are periodic waves
false stops are transient waves
periodic complex waves are voice sonorants and voiced fricatives
t and voice fricatives t
the acoustic level of the speech chain
is the very center of the speech chain, only part thatexists outside of the human body. represents soundwaves coming out of the mouth
sound wave definition
transmission of a pattern of motion through a medium usually that medium is air. it is movement of air particles bounding back and forth. variations in air pressure. alternating patterns of compressions and rare factions.
longitudinal wave
the motion of particles in the same direction of the wave. a slinky moving back and forth. sound is long.
transverse waves:
the motion of particles is at a right angle to the direction of the wave. slinky moves up and down. sound can be visualized as transverse
wave form x and y axis’
wave form x- axis =time y axis=air pressure
amplitdue definition
peak-to-peak height on the waveform or maximum height above the basline
intensity is positively related to __
amplitude
three properties of sound
pitch, intensity, duration. all of which can be oberved on wave forms
wave form definition
man, I don’t know what the difference is between the other definition and this but here it is in the notes as
a graphic display that represents the alternating compressions and rarefactions of air particles turning a longitudinal wave into a transverse form.
pure tones in nature
pure tones are not in nature
