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experimental phonetics > midterm one flash cards > Flashcards

midterm one flash cards

1
Q

bilabial formant transitions:
f2 and f3 transitions are

A

level or rising

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2
Q

alveolar formant transitions: _ transition is level or rising for _ vowels but fallign for _vowels.
_ transition is level or falling.

A

aleveolar formant transitions: f2__is level or rising for ___front vowels but falling for __back vowles ; f3 transition is level or falling

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3
Q

velar formant transitions:
f2 transition _______
f3 transition _________

A

f2 rises
f3 falls

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4
Q

cues of stops

A

stop gap, burst noise, vot, formant transition

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5
Q

stop gap

A

characterizing stop sounds

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6
Q

burst noise=

A

shows the place of articulation in stops

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7
Q

vot

A

shows voicing contrast in stops

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8
Q

formant transition

A

show the place of articulation in stops

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9
Q

acoustic characteristic of /l/

A

clearer boundaries (due to antiformants)

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10
Q

acoustics characteristics of /r/

A

f3 lowering

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11
Q

liquids are identified as ___consonants

A

alveolar

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12
Q

articulation of /l/

A

tongue contacts the alveolar ridge, side pulled downward allowing air to flow around the sides of the tongue

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13
Q

articulation of /r/

A

the tongue tip is bunched or curled slightly backward and does not touch the vocal tract.

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14
Q

liquids have more/less constriction than that of fricatives

A

less

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15
Q

liquids produce the venturi effect t/f

A

f

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16
Q

liquids in english

A

alveolar lateral /l/ alveolar retroflex /r/

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17
Q

the duration of the stop/fricative portion of an africate is _____ than the corresponding whole/fricative sound

A

____shorter____.

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18
Q

affricates

A

a combination of a stop and thennnnn after a fricative but in the same place of articulation. /tʃ, dʒ/ in English.

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19
Q

obstruents

A

stops and fricatives. only consonants with a voicing distinction in english

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20
Q

voiceless obstruents are generally ______than voiced ones

A

longer

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21
Q

vowels are generally _______ before voiceless obstruents than voiced ones

A

_____shorter____

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22
Q

anticipatory coarticulation

A

vocal fold vibration must stop to produce the voiceless obstruents.

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23
Q

voiceed fricative involve a voice bar and are ______-than the voiceless counterparts.

A

____–shorter______

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24
Q

the preceding vowel is ____for voiced fircatives

A

longer

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25
Q

sibilants

A

fricative sounds that have much more intense enrgy than other fricatives longer in duration than other non-sibilants. /ʃ,s,z/,

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26
Q

fricatives on a spectrogram

A

a wide band of acoustic energy distributed over a broad range of frequencies.

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27
Q

fricatives

A

Labiodental fricatives /f, v/
* Dental fricatives /θ, ð/
* Alveolar fricatives /s, z/
* Palatal fricatives /ʃ, ʒ/
* Glottal fricative /h/
34

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28
Q

articulation of frics

A

narrow constriction produced when two articulators come close to eachother but not making contact. airflow becomes turbulent, experiences friction it creates a frication noise.

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29
Q

Venturi effect

A

flowing material becomes faster when through a narrow area

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30
Q

fricatives have a

A

narrow passage of air flow.

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31
Q

THE DURATION OF THE VOWEL IS ___before voiced stops than voiceless stops

A

longer

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32
Q

bursts for velar stops show energy in the ___of the frequency axis

A

middle

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33
Q

bursts for alveolar stops have more energy at ___frequencies than bilabial or velar stops

A

high

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34
Q

bursts for bilabials are ____than those for alveolar or velar stops

A

weaker

bilabial>alveolar>bilabial is the order of burst power from least to greatest.

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35
Q

in the spectrogram the burst may be seen as a _____. spectral content of the burst may provide information

A

sudden appearance of energy

on the place of articulation

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36
Q

a brief burst of noise occuring when the constriction

A

released.
the pop of a microphone

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37
Q

vocal fold vibration may occur during stop gap

A

true voiced stops

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38
Q

stop gap

A

a period of closure

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39
Q

voiceless stops have a gap that consists of

A

complete silence

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40
Q

voiced stops have a gap that may consists of

A

a voiced sound low energy during the gap

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41
Q

the burst corresponds to a brief __on the spectrogram

A

vertical spike

42
Q

the constriction innterval on a spectogram

A

consists of silence, the silence interval, stop gap. htere is a complete closure somewhere in the vocal tract.

43
Q

articulatory characteristics of stops

A

compllete closure
optional release bursts

44
Q

articulatory characteristics of stops

A

a complete constriction of the vocal tract occurs, which “stops” the airflow

when the constriction is released, the air flow resumes in a burst of sound because the escaping air explodes. (hence plosive)

45
Q

stops in english

A

bilabial p b
alveolat stops t d
velar stops /k//g//

46
Q

human auditory area
intensity dB
frequency HZ

A

0~140dB
20~20k Hz

47
Q

subsonic (infra sonic

A

below 20 hz elephants pigeons whales

48
Q

supersonic (ultrasonic)

A

frequencies above 20k Hz animals communicating through supersonic sounds: bats, dogs, dolphins

49
Q

loudest sound human can hear

A

1trillion c of intensitiesof the softest sound

50
Q

exponintation vs logarithm

A

multiplication of same number vs the inverse

51
Q

logsubscript2 8 read

A

“the log of 8 is 3” or “the base 2 logarithm of 8 is 3

52
Q

logarithmic scale

A

hige range of numbers into a smaller range
1-0
10-1
100-2
1000-3
10,000-4

53
Q

t/f a 10 db increase means a 20 times increase in intensity

A

false a 10db increase means a 10 times increase in intensity

54
Q

a 10 decible increas means number times increase in intensity

A

a 10 decible increase means a 10 times increase in intensity

55
Q

10 db

A

=1 bel doubling

56
Q

t/f 1 db is just barely perceptible

A

true

57
Q

intensity is percieved as

A

loudness

58
Q

the physiological function of the human auditory system is___

A

logarithmic
1 v2 can tell 100 vs 101 harder to tell. human perception is logarithmic

59
Q

same linear distance vs same ratio

A

1 vs 2 100 vs 101
1 vs 2
100 vs 200

60
Q

octave in music

A

the interval between a note and the next note that has the same letter name. 8 tones. cdefgabc

61
Q

octive in acoustics

A

the interval between a sound and another with the doubling frequency.

62
Q

t/f 200 hz is one octave above 100 hz and 400 hz is 2 octave above 100 hz

A

true 220 hz 440 hz and 880 hz middle a and octaves on the piano as well as the bunch of numbers in our lab

63
Q

t/f the percieved difference betewen 220 hz and 440 hz is nearly the same as the percieved difference between 440 hz and 880hz

A

true. its an advantage of the logarithmic scale

64
Q

semitone

A

the interval between two adjacent notes. once octave= 12 semi notes.

65
Q

rsemitone is relavant to speech perception how?

A

pitch accent is rnormall realized by at least 3 semitones of pitch difference like in perbit v and permit n

66
Q

harmonics

A

sine wave components of a sound in whic htheir frequencies are equally spaced

67
Q

t/f all harmonic frequencies are mutliples of the first harmonic, the fundamental frequency

A

true. the fundamental frequency is the first harmonic

68
Q

intensity is percieved as

A

loudness, but also volume, or strength

69
Q

intensity is the amount of _ and _

A

intensity is the amount of power at a given position and the amount of energy at a given time at a given position

70
Q

standard and common unit of intesntiy

A

standard w/m-2squared
common unit in phonetics dB (decibel)

71
Q

the decibel scale of a sound is decided by comparison to a standard reference sound which is……………

A

a sound of 0dB

72
Q

0 db means silence

A

false techincally, its just what out human ears can hear.

73
Q

jnd

A

just noticeable difference. minimal difference between two sounds that percieved different loudness usuall

74
Q

standard unit of frequency

A

cps

75
Q

frequency common unit in phonetics

A

Hz

76
Q

average male and female speech

A

m= 75-300Hz
f=100-500Hz

77
Q

sine wav is a simple ____

A

periodic wave. 1 cycle one repeating untit one

78
Q

simple wave period

A

duration of a single cycle

79
Q

frequency is the number of

A

cycles per second

80
Q

periodic waves are

A

wave forms with a repeating pattern.
can be simple or complex

81
Q

example of simple periodic wave

A

sine wave tuning fork

82
Q

example of a complex periodic wave

A

vowels and sonorants. like the wave from on pratt, but cpntinuous. looks sort of like a mountain range. voiced sonorants voiced fricatives.

83
Q

aperiodic waves are

A

waveforms with random pattern, no repeating patterns, often referred to as “noisy” sounds

84
Q

examples of aperiodic waves

A

voiceless fricatives (bigger on the waveform) ocean waves wind rustling leaves

85
Q

t/f periodic sounds dont have their frequency

A

f? they do what ever that means

86
Q

a periodic sounds don’t have a dominant frequency

A

true

87
Q

transient waves are

A

waveforms with a very brief duration. might contain periodic interval a bit. stops (plosives)

88
Q

true/fals voiced fricatives are periodic sounds

A

true

89
Q

stops are periodic waves

A

false stops are transient waves

90
Q

periodic complex waves are voice sonorants and voiced fricatives

A

t and voice fricatives t

91
Q

the acoustic level of the speech chain

A

is the very center of the speech chain, only part thatexists outside of the human body. represents soundwaves coming out of the mouth

92
Q

sound wave definition

A

transmission of a pattern of motion through a medium usually that medium is air. it is movement of air particles bounding back and forth. variations in air pressure. alternating patterns of compressions and rare factions.

93
Q

longitudinal wave

A

the motion of particles in the same direction of the wave. a slinky moving back and forth. sound is long.

94
Q

transverse waves:

A

the motion of particles is at a right angle to the direction of the wave. slinky moves up and down. sound can be visualized as transverse

95
Q

wave form x and y axis’

A

wave form x- axis =time y axis=air pressure

96
Q

amplitdue definition

A

peak-to-peak height on the waveform or maximum height above the basline

97
Q

intensity is positively related to __

A

amplitude

98
Q

three properties of sound

A

pitch, intensity, duration. all of which can be oberved on wave forms

99
Q

wave form definition

A

man, I don’t know what the difference is between the other definition and this but here it is in the notes as

a graphic display that represents the alternating compressions and rarefactions of air particles turning a longitudinal wave into a transverse form.

100
Q

pure tones in nature

A

pure tones are not in nature

experimental phonetics (3 decks)

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