midterm one

Question 1

nomadic invaders

Answer 1

scythians (7 BC)
samaritans (3 BC)
goths (3 BC)
huns (4 AD)
avars (4 AD)
khazars (7 AD)

Question 2

slavic tribes

Answer 2

patriarchal society with no written laws
no language or alphabet to write with
believed in paganism and pagan gods
old russan - drevnerusskiy yazyk

Question 3

mongol invasion

Answer 3

1240
results in another tribal split
northeast - russia
northwest - belarus
southwest - ukraine

Question 4

evangelization

Answer 4

greek byzantium sent monks cyril and methodius to evangelize the bulgars first

they invented the cyrillic language based on the sounds of the southern slavic language

language was invented because slavs had to read the bible to be evangelized

cyril and methodius became orthodox saints

Question 5

bylinas

Answer 5

illiteracy was widespread, leading to a rich oral culture
a talk of what was or what happened, formatted as verse
each tale has a few hundred verses
approximately 400 bylines total
east slavic knights - bogatyrs

Question 6

ilya muromets

Answer 6

kievan bogatyr from murom
represented peasants
brave and moral

Question 7

dobryina nikitich

Answer 7

kievan bogatyr
represents aristocrats
regal and refined

Question 8

aliosha popovich

Answer 8

kievan bogatyr
represented clergy
shrewd and intelligent

Question 9

enemies of the kievan russ

Answer 9

the bogatyrs were all allies
zhodovin, modeled after the khazars
tugarin, a dragon modeled after the tugor khan

Question 10

why did the kievan russ collapse?

Answer 10

• too big with no infrastructure
• too dependent on one trading route
• too dependent on a limited number of commercial partners (constantinople and baghdad)
• new dynastic system kept the country in constant chaos and civil war
• nomadic invasions (10th century: pechenegs, 11th century: polovtsians, 13th century: mongols)

Question 11

social functions of icons

Answer 11

incarnate god’s presence
call for prayer
instruct believers and tell biblical stories
perform miracles

Question 12

icon subjects

Answer 12

icon of the savior/image of the edessa/the mandylion
- face of christ on a cloth

icon of the virgin
- face is always sorrowful due to christ’s sacrifice

the deisis (jesus, mary, and saint john the baptist)
- mary and john ask christ to forgive humankind

hagiographic icons
- visual narrative of a saint’s life in small border squares

Question 13

the tale of igor’s campaign
(slovo o polku igoreve)

Answer 13

based on the 1185 battle between prince igor and the polovtsians

battle - igor’s defeat - igor’s captivity - yaroslava’s lament - igor’s escape back to his principality

represents binary opposition (i.e. good versus evil)

underlying political message criticizing the dissent between kievan princes

Question 14

apanage

Answer 14

land younger brothers would inherit from their older brothers

Question 15

consequences of nomadic invasions

Answer 15

• demographic collapse
• massive infrastructure destruction
• led to mass migration (northwest migrants formed russia)
• russ was cut off from europe and byzantium, causing a lack of development and innovation

Question 16

northwest principalities

Answer 16

novgorod (the great) and suzdal (moscow)

Question 17

kremlin

Answer 17

fortress

Question 18

novgorod political institutions

Answer 18

prince
assembly of freemen (vieche)
mayor
chief of police

Question 19

the battle of kulikovo

Answer 19

occurred in 1380

brought together several principalities and their armies behind moscow

used an icon of the holy virgin from vladimir, adding a religious dimension

first russian victory over the mongols

Question 20

year of evangelization

Answer 20

988

Question 21

ivan iii

Answer 21

he marries zoe paleologus (byzantine emperor’s niece)

he takes the paleologue coat of arms, declaring himself heir to the byzantine (and by proxy, the roman) empire

“caesar” becomes “czar”, meaning emperor

Question 22

moscow, third rome

Answer 22

historical theory written by the monk philotea

first rome: rome, fell because of being conquered by barbarians and committed heresy by being catholic

second rome: constantinople, fell because of being conquered by the turks

third, and final, rome: moscow, will not fall

Question 23

arkhangelsk

Answer 23

port city on the white sea, built in 1548

Question 24

boyars

Answer 24

old nobility

Question 25

ivan the terrible
positive reign (1547 - 1560)

Answer 25

• made a new law code
• decentralized the government to fight corruption
• formed a new army called the musqueteers (streltsy)
• conquered kazan (mongol capital) in 1552
• cossacks took the capital of the siberia khanate (1582)
• colonized siberia and built tobolsk

Question 26

ivan the terrible
negative reign (1560 - 1584)

Answer 26

• ivan’s mental health rapidly declined after his wife, anastasia romanoff, died
• he was failing in a two-front war with livonia and lithuania
• he retires, but has two conditions for returning to the throne: the right to prosecute anyone and division of the realm into russia and oprichina

Question 27

oprichinikii

Answer 27

ivan’s personal guard

prosecuted nobles and won the land of the people they prosecuted

became a symbol of political tyranny in russia

Question 28

domostroy

Answer 28

written advice by monk sylvester and contained practical advice on how to run a household

16th century muscovite mentality:
- absolute power of the patriarchy
- brutality of social relationships
- deeply religious society
- formalist conception of religion

Question 29

nikolai karamzin

Answer 29

wrote “history of the russian history” in 1819 - 1826

Question 30

dynastic crisis

Answer 30

fake dmitry (grisha ottrepev) actually becomes tsar with the help of the poles

boyars get rid of him via coup

new aristocrat, vasili shuiski, becomes tsar

Question 31

social crisis

Answer 31

all out social crisis

all categories of the population rebel (peasants, local authorities, ethnic minorities, etc.)

Question 32

national crisis

Answer 32

poles begin interfering, taking moscow and putting the son of the polish king on the throne

swedes take the northern city of novgorod

Question 33

1613 zemski sobor

Answer 33

“assembly of russian lands”

elected young mikhail romanov as tsar

he raised taxed, leading to riots

stepan razin (don cossack) led a riot that became a topic of popular folk songs

Question 34

bunt

Answer 34

popular upheaval

Question 35

bogdan khmelnitski

Answer 35

ukrainian hetman and riot leader

asked for help, russians agreed

1654 - peryaslav union is signed between russia and ukraine

Question 36

characteristics of simon ushakov’s paintings

Answer 36

• 3D
• technically challenging
• “realistic” representation of skin
• interest in anatomy
• many grounds and layers
• everyday details added

Question 37

prikazy

Answer 37

ministries/bureaus

Question 38

clerks

Answer 38

new social group that could read, write, and knew foreign languages (i.e. polish and german)

they wrote down funny stories and anecdotes, satirizing priests, monks, husbands, and smart wives

translated foreign literature (medieval novels with knights and gallant courtship)

transferred oral culture into written culture

Question 39

the creation of poetry

Answer 39

• monks began writing poetry
• symeon of polotsk imitated polish syllabic poetry
• his first poem collection was psalms turned into verses
• his second poem collection (the garden of many colors) was didactic poetry
• his poetry had baroque elements and is written as a visual delight

Question 40

foreigners

Answer 40

moscow population of foreigners grew

mostly there for business

protestants only - britons, germans, dutch, etc.

government created a foreign neighborhood - nemetskaya soloboda - meaning “french quarter”

Question 41

zealots of piety

Answer 41

group of reformers (revniteli very)

notable members: novgorod bishop nikon and clergyman avvakum

believed piety would fix their problems

searched for mistakes and discrepancies in church texts from 988 and fixed them