midterm one Flashcards
nomadic invaders
scythians (7 BC)
samaritans (3 BC)
goths (3 BC)
huns (4 AD)
avars (4 AD)
khazars (7 AD)
slavic tribes
patriarchal society with no written laws
no language or alphabet to write with
believed in paganism and pagan gods
old russan - drevnerusskiy yazyk
mongol invasion
1240
results in another tribal split
northeast - russia
northwest - belarus
southwest - ukraine
evangelization
greek byzantium sent monks cyril and methodius to evangelize the bulgars first
they invented the cyrillic language based on the sounds of the southern slavic language
language was invented because slavs had to read the bible to be evangelized
cyril and methodius became orthodox saints
bylinas
illiteracy was widespread, leading to a rich oral culture
a talk of what was or what happened, formatted as verse
each tale has a few hundred verses
approximately 400 bylines total
east slavic knights - bogatyrs
ilya muromets
kievan bogatyr from murom
represented peasants
brave and moral
dobryina nikitich
kievan bogatyr
represents aristocrats
regal and refined
aliosha popovich
kievan bogatyr
represented clergy
shrewd and intelligent
enemies of the kievan russ
the bogatyrs were all allies
zhodovin, modeled after the khazars
tugarin, a dragon modeled after the tugor khan
why did the kievan russ collapse?
- too big with no infrastructure
- too dependent on one trading route
- too dependent on a limited number of commercial partners (constantinople and baghdad)
- new dynastic system kept the country in constant chaos and civil war
- nomadic invasions (10th century: pechenegs, 11th century: polovtsians, 13th century: mongols)
social functions of icons
incarnate god’s presence
call for prayer
instruct believers and tell biblical stories
perform miracles
icon subjects
icon of the savior/image of the edessa/the mandylion
- face of christ on a cloth
icon of the virgin
- face is always sorrowful due to christ’s sacrifice
the deisis (jesus, mary, and saint john the baptist)
- mary and john ask christ to forgive humankind
hagiographic icons
- visual narrative of a saint’s life in small border squares
the tale of igor’s campaign
(slovo o polku igoreve)
based on the 1185 battle between prince igor and the polovtsians
battle - igor’s defeat - igor’s captivity - yaroslava’s lament - igor’s escape back to his principality
represents binary opposition (i.e. good versus evil)
underlying political message criticizing the dissent between kievan princes
apanage
land younger brothers would inherit from their older brothers
consequences of nomadic invasions
- demographic collapse
- massive infrastructure destruction
- led to mass migration (northwest migrants formed russia)
- russ was cut off from europe and byzantium, causing a lack of development and innovation
northwest principalities
novgorod (the great) and suzdal (moscow)
kremlin
fortress
novgorod political institutions
prince
assembly of freemen (vieche)
mayor
chief of police
the battle of kulikovo
occurred in 1380
brought together several principalities and their armies behind moscow
used an icon of the holy virgin from vladimir, adding a religious dimension
first russian victory over the mongols
year of evangelization
988
ivan iii
he marries zoe paleologus (byzantine emperor’s niece)
he takes the paleologue coat of arms, declaring himself heir to the byzantine (and by proxy, the roman) empire
“caesar” becomes “czar”, meaning emperor
moscow, third rome
historical theory written by the monk philotea
first rome: rome, fell because of being conquered by barbarians and committed heresy by being catholic
second rome: constantinople, fell because of being conquered by the turks
third, and final, rome: moscow, will not fall
arkhangelsk
port city on the white sea, built in 1548
boyars
old nobility
ivan the terrible
positive reign (1547 - 1560)
- made a new law code
- decentralized the government to fight corruption
- formed a new army called the musqueteers (streltsy)
- conquered kazan (mongol capital) in 1552
- cossacks took the capital of the siberia khanate (1582)
- colonized siberia and built tobolsk
ivan the terrible
negative reign (1560 - 1584)
- ivan’s mental health rapidly declined after his wife, anastasia romanoff, died
- he was failing in a two-front war with livonia and lithuania
- he retires, but has two conditions for returning to the throne: the right to prosecute anyone and division of the realm into russia and oprichina
oprichinikii
ivan’s personal guard
prosecuted nobles and won the land of the people they prosecuted
became a symbol of political tyranny in russia
domostroy
written advice by monk sylvester and contained practical advice on how to run a household
16th century muscovite mentality:
- absolute power of the patriarchy
- brutality of social relationships
- deeply religious society
- formalist conception of religion
nikolai karamzin
wrote “history of the russian history” in 1819 - 1826
dynastic crisis
fake dmitry (grisha ottrepev) actually becomes tsar with the help of the poles
boyars get rid of him via coup
new aristocrat, vasili shuiski, becomes tsar
social crisis
all out social crisis
all categories of the population rebel (peasants, local authorities, ethnic minorities, etc.)
national crisis
poles begin interfering, taking moscow and putting the son of the polish king on the throne
swedes take the northern city of novgorod
1613 zemski sobor
“assembly of russian lands”
elected young mikhail romanov as tsar
he raised taxed, leading to riots
stepan razin (don cossack) led a riot that became a topic of popular folk songs
bunt
popular upheaval
bogdan khmelnitski
ukrainian hetman and riot leader
asked for help, russians agreed
1654 - peryaslav union is signed between russia and ukraine
characteristics of simon ushakov’s paintings
- 3D
- technically challenging
- “realistic” representation of skin
- interest in anatomy
- many grounds and layers
- everyday details added
prikazy
ministries/bureaus
clerks
new social group that could read, write, and knew foreign languages (i.e. polish and german)
they wrote down funny stories and anecdotes, satirizing priests, monks, husbands, and smart wives
translated foreign literature (medieval novels with knights and gallant courtship)
transferred oral culture into written culture
the creation of poetry
- monks began writing poetry
- symeon of polotsk imitated polish syllabic poetry
- his first poem collection was psalms turned into verses
- his second poem collection (the garden of many colors) was didactic poetry
- his poetry had baroque elements and is written as a visual delight
foreigners
moscow population of foreigners grew
mostly there for business
protestants only - britons, germans, dutch, etc.
government created a foreign neighborhood - nemetskaya soloboda - meaning “french quarter”
zealots of piety
group of reformers (revniteli very)
notable members: novgorod bishop nikon and clergyman avvakum
believed piety would fix their problems
searched for mistakes and discrepancies in church texts from 988 and fixed them
