final exam Flashcards
sergey uvarov
came up with the idea of “orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality”
philosophical letter
written in 1836 by petr chaadaev
said that russia wasn’t asia or europe, its lack of history was the result of leaving the catholic church, russia was sinning by allowing serfdom, and all of this culminated in russia having no future of progress
slavophiles
group against chaadaev’s letter because they believed that russia had its own specific culture, westernization ruined russia’s national identity, and idealized the peasants as ideal russian citizens
mir
peasant community
sobornost
means conciliation, where the tsar governs in accordance with the people
zemskii sobor
assembly of the land
slavophilism
evolution of slavophilia into nationalism, antisemitism, and panslavism (union of all slavic countries under russia against germany and austria)
main slavophiles
alexei khomiakov, ivan kireevski, sergey aksakov
main westernizers
timothy granovsky, alexander herzen, Mikhail bakunin
westernizers
group that believed russia was a part of europe, just behind in development, and also hoped russia would develop an educated middle class like the bourgeoisie
mikhail bakunin
very famous promoter of anarchism and was against karl marx’s ideologies
alexander ii’s reforms
abolition of serfdom in 1861
development of local self-governments and zemstvo (local elected assemblies)
terrorist organizations
earth and liberty (zemlja i volja)
the people’s will (narodnaja volja)
the people’s will
group that killed the tsar in march 1881
realism
describes life as is, focusing on social conditions, class relations, work, and money
russian realism focused on the economic decay of the nobility, rise of capitalism, and peasant life
literary populism
interest in peasant life that permeated all of russian culture
association of traveling art exhibitions
i.e. wanderers, itinerants
members include ilya resin, ivan karamskoy, nikolai bogdanov
“what is to be done”
novel by nikolai chernyshevski in where the protagonists idealize the people of the future and were pro-socialism
ivan turgenev
wrote “the sketches of a huntsman” and “fathers and sons”
ivan goncharov
wrote “oblomov”
fyodor dostoevsky
wrote “notes from the underground,” “crime and punishment,” “the idiot,” and “the brothers karamazov”
leo tolstoy
wrote “war and peace,” “anna karenina,” and “the death of ivan ilyich”
konstantin pobedonoststev
alexander ii’s minister who saw ethnic minorities as a threat to the regime
pogrom
mass murder of jews
russian territory
caucasus (georgia, armenia, azerbaijan, checnya)
central asia (uzbekistan, turkmenistan, kazakhstan)
far east (southeast siberia, sakhalin islands)
symbolism
focused on the invisible and irrationalism (seek truth through art)
symbolist poets
konstantin balmont
dmitry merezhkovsky
valery bruisov
zinaida gippius
alexander blok
andrey bely
gesamtkunstwerk
works of art that connected different media
i.e. russian ballet (combining dancing, music, and painting)
reasons russia joined world war i
- scared by germany’s growing power
- obligated because of an alliance with france
- wanted to counterbalance austrian influence in the balkans and ottoman influence in the black sea
- nicholas ii wanted to use the war to regain a positive public opinion and capitalizing on their germanophobia
collapse of nicholas’ regime
- high casualty numbers
- poor agriculture
- terrible winter
- economic decline
the soviets
assembly of workers and soldiers
bolshevik revolution
military coup let by lenin on october 25, 1917 (labeled the october revolution)
russian soviet federative socialist republic political agenda
- end the war with germany
- abolition of private property and confiscation of land
- bolshevik dictatorship
- nationalization of the economy
- new political police (cheka)
- brutal policy or food acquisition and redistribution
red terror
led to a civil war (1918 - 1922) between the red army (bolsheviks) and the white army (monarchic forces)
ussr arrangement
allegedly a federal union of independent socialist states, but power was centralized with no federation
nepmen
capitalist
new economic policy
partially capitalist policy that healed the ussr’s economy
futurist poets
david burlyuk
vladimir mayakovsky
velimir khlebnikov
cubofuturist artists
Natalia goncharova
mikhail larionov
aleksandra ekster
lyubov popova
constructivists
vladimir tatlin
alexander rodchenko
supermatists
kazimir malevich
el lissitzky
avant-garde
artists that were modernists who embraced the revolution
avant-garde filmmakers
lev kuleshov
dziga vertov
sergei eisenstein
kuleshov effect
film tactic where images are only meaningful in context
kinoks
“cinema eye”
film tactic where the camera is superior to the human eye
montage
film theory by eisenstein
man with a movie camera
1929 film by dziga vertov
eisenstein films
the strike
battleship potemkin
october
death of lenin
1924
kolkhozy
collective farm
sovkhozy
state farms
kulaks
affluent peasants (a.k.a. class traitors)
famine
killed 5 - 7 million people across ukraine, north caucasus, and kazakhstan
1934
assassination of sergei kirov, leading to a new wave of political repression
three moscow trials
stalin’s competitors in the bolshevik party who were found guilty due to fabricate evidence and therefore sentenced to death
nikolai ezhov
head of the nkvd
great terror
a.k.a. “great purge,” “ezhovshina”
massive wave of arrests in 1937
1.6 million arrested, including old bolsheviks, ancient socialist revolutionaries, priests, former white army soldiers, and ethnic minorities
labor camps
14 million people passed through
1.7 million deaths
stalinist propaganda
propaganda helped the population accept stalin’s regime
young pioneers was a stalinist school organization
komsomol (pro-leninist organization)
soviet “new man”
- disciplined
- well-educated
- hard worker
- puts the collective before the individual
enemies of the soviet regime
class enemies (aristocrats, bourgeois, clergymen)
political enemies (trotskyists)
ethnic enemies (volga germans, crimean tatars, chechens)
foreign enemies (fascists, imperialists)
propaganda heroes
shock worker alexei stakhanov and self-sacrificing pavlik morozov
stalin’s cult of personality
- all-knowing
- all-powerful
- lenin’s best pupil and sole heir
- best of collective farm workers
- best of shock workers
- father to all soviet people
culture one
- horizontal
- disruptive
- futuristic
- technological
- anti-hierarchic
- emphasizes movement and destruction
culture two
- vertical
- hierarchic
- anthropomorphic
- archaic
- emphasizes enclosure and immobility
the twelve
poem written by alexander blok in 1918
twelve bolshevik soldiers march in petrograd during the winter and find christ in a snowstorm
represents the violence of the revolution and embraces it as the birth of a new world
we
novel written by evgeni zamyatin in 1920
inspired george orwell’s 1984, as everything is government-regulated and dystopian
requiem
poem written by anna akhmatova
about her experience as a mother weeping for her imprisoned son and alternating between hope and despair
the thaw
period when nikita krushshchev liberalized soviet society, denouncing stalin and his cult of personality
one day in the life of ivan denisovich
novel written by alexander solzhenistyn
denounces the gulag and the dehumanization the prisoners experience
ivan denisovich represents an orthodox martyr and uses his suffering to get closer to christ
