MidTerm Notes

Question 1

the transatlantic flow of good and people that began with Columbus’s voyage in 1492

Answer 1

Columbian Exchange

Question 2

large-scale farm in the Spanish empire worked by Native American laborers

Answer 2

Hacienda

Question 3

Spanish word for persons of mixed Native American and European ancestry

Answer 3

Mestizos

Question 4

idea that the Spanish empire was more oppressive toward Indians than other European empires; used as a justification for English imperial expansion

Answer 4

Black Legend

Question 5

a 15th century European ship capable of long-distance travel

Answer 5

Caravel

Question 6

uprising in 1680 by allied Pueblo led by Pope that temporarily drove Spanish colonists out of New Mexico

Answer 6

Pueblo Revolt

Question 7

policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies to benefit the mother country

Answer 7

Mercantilism

Question 8

unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against British governor of Virginia William Berkely’s administration

Answer 8

Bacon’s Rebellion

Question 9

act of parliament granting freedom of worship

Answer 9

Toleration Acts

Question 10

a multiyear conflict that began in 1675 between the English and a Native alliance led by Wampanoags Metacom and Weetamoo. It’s end result was broadened freedoms for white New Englanders and dispossession of the Wampanoag’s and other Indians

Answer 10

King Phillips War (Metacoms War)

Question 11

alliance formed in the 1670s between the English colony of New York and the Haudenosaunee League and eventually other colonies and Native nations

Answer 11

Covenant Chain

Question 12

the hellish and often deadly middle leg of the transatlantic “triangular trade” in which European ships carried manufactured goods to Africa, then transported enslaved Africans to the Americas and the Caribbean; late 16th century to early 19th century 12 million Africans were transported

Answer 12

Middles Passage

Question 13

a person who seeks to convert others to the Christian faith, especially by public preaching

Answer 13

Evangelist

Question 14

royal directive issued after the Seven Year’s War and Pontiac’s War prohibiting settlement, surveys, and land grants west of the Appalachian Mountains; caused considerable resentment among colonists hoping to move west

Answer 14

Proclamation of 1763

Question 15

political theory in 18th century England and America that celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom

Answer 15

Republicanism

Question 16

enlightenment thought applied to religion; emphasized reason, morality, and natural law

Answer 16

Deism

Question 17

an uprising by enslaved men in 1739 in South Cardina that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves

Answer 17

Stono’s Rebellion

Question 18

arguments for liberty presented by courts and legislatures starting in the early 1770s by enslaved African Americans

Answer 18

Freedom Petition

Question 19

colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the war of independence

Answer 19

Loyalists

Question 20

the ideology that emerged as a result of American independence where women’s political role was to train their sons to be future citizens

Answer 20

Republican Motherhood

Question 21

the right to vote

Answer 21

Suffrage

Question 22

parliament’s 1765 requirement that revenue stamps be affixed to all colonial printed matter, documents, and playing cards; the Stamp Act Congress met to formulate a response and the act was repealed the following year

Answer 22

Stamp Act

Question 23

organization formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other radical men in response to the Stamp Act

Answer 23

Sons of Liberty

Question 24

a pamphlet anonymously written by Thomas Paine in January 1776 that attacked the English principles of hereditary rule and monarchical government

Answer 24

Common Sense

Question 25

group organized by Samuel Adams in retaliation for the Gaspee incident to address American grievances, assert American rights, and form a network of rebellion

Answer 25

Committees of Correspondance

Question 26

the idea that the American colonies, although they had no actual representative in parliament, were”virtually” represented by all members of parliament

Answer 26

Virtual Representation

Question 27

groups of backcountry Carolina settlers who protested colonial policies

Answer 27

Regulators

Question 28

major defeat of British general John Burgoyne and more than 5,000 British troops of Saratoga, New York on October 17, 1777

Answer 28

Saratoga

Question 29

first frame of government for the U.S. in effect from 1781-1788; it provided for a weak central authority and was soon replaced by the Constitution

Answer 29

Articles of Confederation

Question 30

a system of government in which power is divided between the central government and the states

Answer 30

Federalism

Question 31

Virginia’s delegation to the Constitutional Convention’s plan for a strong central government and a two-house legislature appointed by population

Answer 31

Virginia Plan

Question 32

a systematic balance to prevent any one branch of the national government from dominating the other 2 branches

Answer 32

Checks and Balances

Question 33

collection of 85 essays that appeared in the New York press in 1787-1788 in support of the Constitution; written by Alexander Hamiliton, James Madison, …

Answer 33

The Federalist

Question 34

first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights against infringement by the federal government

Answer 34

Bill of Rights

Question 35

a provision signed into the Constitution in 1787 that 3/5 of the enslaved population would be counted in determining each state’s representation in the House Representatives

Answer 35

Three-fifths Clause

Question 36

a 1796 treaty which representatives of 12 Native nations needed most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government

Answer 36

Treaty of Greenville

Question 37

New Jersey’s delegation to the Constitutional Conventions plan for the legislative body with equal representation for each state

Answer 37

New Jersey Plan