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clinical neuro (m) > midterm new > Flashcards

midterm new Flashcards

1
Q

Categories of Pupil Abnormalities

A

❖ ABNORMAL PUPIL SIZE
❖ ABNORMAL PUPIL REACTIONS

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2
Q

❖ ABNORMAL PUPIL SIZE

A
  1. Adie’s Tonic Pupil
  2. Horner’s Syndrome
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3
Q

Parasympathetic block

A

Adie’s Tonic Pupil

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4
Q

Sympathetic block

A

Horner’s Syndrome

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5
Q

❖ ABNORMAL PUPIL REACTIONS

A
  1. Marcus Gunn Pupil
  2. Parinaud’s Syndrome
  3. Argyll Robertson Pupil
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6
Q
  • Afferent Defect
A

Marcus Gunn Pupil

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7
Q
  • Central Defect
  • Lesion is in interneurons
  • Affector->Physiological Connectors->Interneuron->PC->Effector
A

Parinaud’s Syndrome

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8
Q

also a Central Defect othe than parinuad’s syndrome

A

Argyll Robertson Pupil

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9
Q

Any lesion located from the retina to the pretectal nucleus is considered a _______________

A

relative afferent pupillary defect

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10
Q

Any lesion located from preganglionic to postganglionic fiber is considered a _________

A

relative efferent pupillary defect

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11
Q

➔ Also known as Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) / (APD) or pupillary escape

A

MARCUS GUNN PUPIL

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12
Q

➔ This indicates damage at or anterior to the LGN (afferent pathway) specifically to the retinal ganglion cells to optic chiasm of one eye

A

MARCUS GUNN PUPIL

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13
Q

➔ It is caused by a damage that is unilateral or asymmetric (never bilateral) as seen in several retinal diseases (severe), optic nerve disease, lesion behind the eye etc.

A

MARCUS GUNN PUPIL

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14
Q

◆ Lesions behind the eye such as tumors developed at the optic nerve
◆ Retinal diseases such as DR
◆ Glaucoma (especially unilateral)
◆ Tumors such as pituitary adenoma (usually develops at optic chiasm)

A

MARCUS GUNN PUPIL

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15
Q

➔ Always unilateral
➔ Defects are always on the retina itself or optic nerve all the way to optic chiasm (so, problems are also always in afferent)

A

MARCUS GUNN PUPIL

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16
Q

➔ Location: anterior to the LGN

A

MARCUS GUNN PUPIL

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17
Q

diseases that cause marcus gunn (6)

A
  1. CRAO
  2. CRVO
  3. BRVO
  4. Optic Atrophy
  5. Marked Retinal Detachment
  6. Asymmetric POAG
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18
Q

Loss of vision due to: (5)

will not produce the Marcus Gunn response

A
  1. corneal
  2. lenticular
  3. vitreous
  4. refractive
  5. emotional causes
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19
Q

An _________ is anything that moves through the blood vessels until it reaches a vessel that is too small to let it pass.

When this happens, the blood flow is stopped by the embolus. An embolus is often a small piece of a blood clot that breaks off (thromboembolus).

A

embolus

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20
Q

An _____ is often a small piece of a blood clot that breaks off (thromboembolus).

A

embolus

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21
Q

tell me what you see in a fundus

A
  • In the fundus, a small circle can be found which is the optic disc (always located nasally).
  • In the optic disc, the optic nerve is also present. Together with the optic nerve, there are blood vessels that can be seen. And from there, you can observe the thickest blood vessels. And usually, the optic nerve can also be seen together with the CRA and the CRV.
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22
Q

The function of the Central retinal artery

A

supply oxygen, nutrients, etc to the retina.

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23
Q

if there is clotting (thrombus, embolus, etc), it blocks the flow of blood vessels to enter inside the retina.

A

CRAO

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24
Q

when CRA is blocked because of clotting, the retina will be affected and there will be a lack of _____

A

oxygen

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25
Q

CRA is the main supply of _______ to the retina. (2)

A

nutrients
oxygen

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26
Q

Expect a ________ since retina is damaged (no oxygen/nutrients supply)

A

Marcus Gunn pupil

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27
Q

In the optic disc, there are main blood vessels that branch out small blood vessels.

These branches are blocked

A

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion

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28
Q

Very common in end stage glaucoma (naipit na ang ON so hinay2 nangamatay ang ON fibers)

A

Optic Atrophy

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29
Q

atrophy means

A

degenerating/dying

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30
Q

Color of optic disc is ____ in retinal damage

Normal is yellow.

A

PALE

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31
Q

is marcus gunn present when optic nerve is dead?

A

yes

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32
Q

it is a serious event, which may result in complete blindness.

Retina, especially 1st and 2nd layers, is like a curtain which can be easily separated if there is a problem.

A

Marked Retinal Detachment

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33
Q

Common retinal detachments can be experienced to patients with severe:

A

diabetic retinopathy (end stage)

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34
Q
  • Normal color of fundus:
A

red-orange

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35
Q
  • When the retina is detached, some portion of the fundus will still appear red-orange, but the portion where retina is removed appears ____.
A

grayish

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36
Q

is when you shine a light in the fundus, it reflects back, so red-orange and that is the retina (as it receives the light). So when the retina is detached, there is also no red-orange reflex that can be seen, so it would be pale/grayish.

A

mechanism of an ophthalmoscopy

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37
Q

Other eye has glaucoma, the other has none.

A

Asymmetric Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

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38
Q

type of glaucoma which is asymptomatic or “silent killer”

A

Open angle

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39
Q

type of glaucoma which is painful, “emergency”

A

Angle-closure

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40
Q

Glaucoma = increased IOP due to: (2)

A

A. Increased AH production
B. Blocked drainage / trabecular meshwork

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41
Q

How does the AH flow inside the eye?

A

The AH originates at the ciliary process

The AH travels to the posterior part of the iris

then passes thru the pupil

all the way to the anterior chamber

The AH will now be drained in the trabecular meshwork.

So if there are problems in the flow, glaucoma occurs.

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42
Q

When there is increased AH production, drainage can’t keep up.

When there is too much AH, it pushes back the vitreous humor until the optic nerve will get stuck

This only happens gradually, not immediately

A

OPEN ANGLE glaucoma

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43
Q

-Usual sign experienced by px with this type of glaucoma: sudden blackening of vision, then back to normal, black again, then normal..

A

open angle glaucoma

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44
Q

which part of the eye produces aqueous humor?

A

ciliary process

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45
Q

division of ciliary body

A

ciliary process
ciliary body

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46
Q

muscle responsible for accommodation

A

ciliary muscle

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47
Q

category of glaucoma which is hereditary is nature

A

primary

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48
Q

category of glaucoma which is acquired

A

secondary

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49
Q
  • Blocked trabecular meshwork
  • Most common is due to diabetic retinopathy (especially if px has no drug maintenance, either the eyes or kidneys will be affected)
A

CLOSE ANGLE GLAUCOMA

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50
Q

Our eyes are sensitive when it comes to changes in the blood

If there is an increase in blood sugar, there will be a __________

Therefore, the retina will not get its nourishment.

A

decrease in oxygen in the eyes.

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51
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THERE’S LACK OF OXYGEN IN THE EYES

A

retina will produce its own blood vessels to have enough supply of blood

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52
Q

different stages of DR: (3)

A

(1) background,
(2) non-proliferative,
(3) proliferative

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53
Q

Proliferative means

A

growing

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54
Q

Type of DR where theres new blood vessels are developing in response to low oxygen in the eyes

A

Proliferative DR

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55
Q

new blood vessels are developing in response to low oxygen in the eyes but these new small blood vessels are very fragile. So they easily rupture. When small blood vessels rupture, it is called ___________.

A

microaneurysm

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56
Q

what is microaneurysm

A

when small bv rupture

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57
Q

initial symptom of microaneurysm

A

blurring of vision

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58
Q

Due to low oxygen of the eyes, the retina produces new blood vessels. To produce these new blood vessels, it also releases ____

therefore, producing small blood vessels, so it proliferates.

A

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

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59
Q

So if eyes continue to produce VEGF, from the posterior, it will travel to the anterior. So, as it travels to the anterior, the blood vessels of the iris will also proliferate due to VEGF.

So with an increased VEGF, blood vessels will proliferate until the trabecular meshwork is blocked hence, glaucoma occurs.

This type of angle-closure is specifically called:____

A

angle-closure neovascularization glaucoma

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60
Q

stimulates the formation of blood vessels

A

vascular endothelial growth factor

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61
Q

It is the most common type of glaucoma here in the PH

A

close angle glaucoma

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62
Q

Patient is in pain, an immediate emergency and surgery procedure is needed. But first, to relieve the pain, a mannitol is given to the px.

A

close angle glaucoma

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63
Q

close angle glaucoma symptoms (3)

A

dilated pupil
swollen cornea (corneal edema)
pale fundus.

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64
Q

patient has diabetes. Patient neglected it, px got diabetic retinopathy. His DR got worse, it became Proliferative DR, so the blood vessels inside the eyes are growing.

Due to low oxygen because of increased blood sugar, new blood vessels are needed to form in order to supply the retina. However, these new blood vessels are very small and fragile.

Therefore, it easily ruptures (microaneurysm). When the retina forms new blood vessels, it also releases a chemical called VEGF. This will then travel to the anterior chamber where the blood vessels of the iris will also proliferate causing the trabecular meshwork to be blocked. When TM is blocked, AH cannot be drained causing angle-closure neovascularization glaucoma.

A
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65
Q

Marcus Gunn Pupil – Method of Diagnosis

A

Method of diagnosis: Swinging Flashlight Test

In an affected eye with Marcus Gunn, the consensual response is greater than the direct response.

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66
Q

A. When light is directed into the right eye → (normal direct and consensual response of that eye) → both eyes are smaller
B. When light is directed into the left eye → (normal direct and consensual response of that eye) → both eyes are smaller
C. Swinging the light back to the other eye causes normal pupil constriction.

A

Patient with No Pupillary Defect

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67
Q

A. When light is directed into the normal eye → (normal direct and consensual response of that eye) → both eyes are smaller
B. When light is directed into the affected eye → both pupils are larger (slightly dilate)
C. Swinging the light back to the other eyes causes normal pupil constriction.

A

Patient with Marcus Gunn

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68
Q

if it’s an afferent defect, the pathway is from the ____ (5)

Any problem related to the retina and the optic nerve, it has a Marcus Gunn pupil.

A

retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract before the LGN

69
Q

➔ A parasympathetic condition that is central and bilateral in nature.

A

ARGYLL ROBERTSON PUPIL

70
Q

➔ Characteristics of argyl robertson pupil

A

◆ Dilates poorly in the darkness
◆ Responds poorly or does NOT respond to light
◆ Normal near response (Light-near Dissociation)

71
Q

➔ It is caused by any interruption in the pattern of CN2 to CN3 or Any interruption of both afferent pathway and the central inhibitory fibers VENTRAL to the aqueduct

A

ARGYLL ROBERTSON PUPIL

72
Q

Common causes of argyll robertson pupil (3)

A

◆ Neurosyphilis (caused by treponema pallidum affect the CNS → Tabes dorsalis) – uses affects Edinger-Westphal nuclei
◆ Long term Diabetes
◆ Alcoholism

73
Q
  • Normal in near
  • Abnormal in direct and indirect light reflex
  • Lesion is commonly found in the EW. The PN is normal and intact.
A

argyl robertson pupil

74
Q

Typically, the pupil constricts to light and dilates to dim light.

The Argyll Robertson pupil occurs when a disease interferes with the light reflex pathway, thereby inhibiting the pupil’s natural response to bright light.

Specifically, Argyll Robertson pupils don’t constrict in response to light but do constrict to focus on a nearby object.

The presence of Argyll Roberton (AR) pupils is typically a highly specific sign of tertiary syphilis

however, they can be caused by other underlying conditions, such as diabetes and multiple sclerosis.

A

<3

75
Q

Also known as Whore’s Pupil

A

ARP

76
Q

Reasons why Argyll pupil is called as Whore: (2)

A

Multiple sex partner → syphilis (STD)

It accommodates

77
Q

Tertiary syphilis is the most common cause of the Argyll Roberston pupil. Caused by a bacteria called Treponema pallidum, syphilis is typically transmitted sexually, but the infection can also occur transplacentally, from an infected pregnant individual to their fetus.

Over time, untreated syphilis can become tertiary syphilis, a late-stage infection marked by damage to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the part of the pupillary light reflex pathway in the brain that signals the pupil to constrict in response to bright light.

A

<3

78
Q

The bacteria, treponema pallidum, comes from the reproductive system then it will travel to the CNS to the brain to the spinal cord, causing _______.

A

syphilis

79
Q

BACTERIA CAUSING SYPHILIS

A

treponema pallidum

80
Q

Slowly progressive degeneration of the spinal cord that occurs in the tertiary (third) phase of a syphilis a decade or more after originally contracting the infection

A

Tabes Dorsalis / syphilitic myelopathy

81
Q

■ Syphilis has 4 types:

A

a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Latent
d. Tertiary

82
Q

■ When syphilis is left untreated for many years, it will manifest into ______

A

neurosyphilis

83
Q

■ Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that is spread through direct sexual contact with ____. Can be treated.

A

syphilis sore

84
Q

■ Tabes Dorsalis and Neurosyphilis will manifest in the ____

A

tertiary syphilis

85
Q

○ This form of neurosyphilis is also rare. It can start to affect the spinal cord 20 years or more after the initial syphilis infection.
○ It is characterized by a triad of clinical symptoms namely gait, unsteadiness, lightning pains, and urinary incontinence.

A

● Tabes Dorsalis / syphilitic myelopathy

86
Q

○ This form of neurosyphilis is also rare. It can start to affect the spinal cord 20 years or more after the initial syphilis infection.

A

● Tabes Dorsalis / syphilitic myelopathy

87
Q

tabes dorsalis is characterized by a triad of clinical symptoms

A

gait unsteadiness
lightning pains
urinary incontinence.

88
Q

Is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency

A

Long-term Diabetes

89
Q

Is a disease of the pancreas

A

Long-term Diabetes

90
Q

When a person has diabetes, the _____either cannot produce enough insulin, uses the insulin incorrectly, or both

A

pancreas

91
Q

organ secreting insulin

A

pancreas

92
Q

There are 2 types of Diabetes:

A

A. Type 1 – hereditary
B. Type 2 – acquired

93
Q

Insulin works together with glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream to help it enter the body’s cells to be burned for _____.

If the insulin isn’t functioning properly, glucose cannot _____the cells.

This causes glucose levels in the blood to rise, creating a condition of high blood sugar or diabetes, and leaving the cells without fuel

A

energy

enter

94
Q

The normal flow of blood sugar in the body:

Along the bloodstream, there are _____ (3).

A

nutrients
oxygen
glucose (sugar)

95
Q

The normal flow of blood sugar in the body:

Along the bloodstream, there are nutrients and oxygen, and also sugar (glucose). Glucose is responsible for cell metabolism for energy. Glucose needs to go to cells but before they enter into the cell, glucose will partner together with insulin (insulin comes from pancreas specifically in the islets of langerhans).

Once cells receive glucose, they can work functionally because it now has energy.

A

<3

96
Q

insulin comes from pancreas specifically in the

A

islets of langerhans

97
Q

The problem here is that the pancreas does not produce enough insulin.

Therefore, only a small portion of glucose can enter the cells. The remaining portion remains in the bloodstream and will not be metabolized anymore, causing hyperglycemia.

A

TYPE 1 DIABETES

98
Q

The problem here is that the person eats too much food. So when they eat too much, the fats will get stuck in the receptors of the cells.

So, the insulin is normal and the glucose is now ready to partner with insulin, but both cannot enter in the cells because there is blockage of fats.

Diet should consider low food intake and exercise more to burn the fats (cholesterol).

A

TYPE 2 DIABETES

99
Q

Since glucose cannot pass and enter in the cell, the body ____.

So what the patient does is he eats more and more food to get energy. So when a patient eats more, its manifestation is called as ____.

A

weakens

polyphagia

100
Q

type 2 diabetes:

So when you eat more, blood sugar also increases (________) but still glucose cannot be utilized due to absence of insulin.

So what the body does is to _______for the blood sugar to be flushed out. This is called ___

A

hyperglycemia

urinate

polyuria

100
Q

type 2 diabetes:

So when you eat more, blood sugar also increases (________) but still glucose cannot be utilized due to absence of insulin.

So what the body does is to _______for the blood sugar to be flushed out. This is called ___

A

hyperglycemia

urinate

polyuria

101
Q

So when a patient experiences excessive urination (______), he also experiences dehydration. So what the patient does is to always drink water

A

polyuria

102
Q

Disorders with afferent pathway defect (3)

A

amaurotic pupil/ AAPD/TAPD
marcus gunn pupil/ RAPD
werncke’s heminopic pupil

103
Q

Disorders that has an efferent pathway defect (3)

A

argyll robertson pupil (ARP)
tonic pupil/adie’s pupil
mydriasis

104
Q

A_______ is a blood clot that forms in a vein.

A

thrombus

105
Q

the medical term for always drinking water (excessive thirst).

A

polydipsia

106
Q

abnormal pupil size refers to:

A

anisocoria

107
Q

it is the difference with pupil size between the eyes

A

anisocoria

108
Q

types of anisocoria

A

-physiological anisocoria
-pathological anisocoria

109
Q

type of anisocoria due to normal difference in balance or parasympathetic and sympathetic drive to the pupils

A

physiological anisocoria

110
Q

hallmarks of physiological anisocoria (2)

A
  • lessens when measure in bright light
  • brisk and normal measures in accommodative targets
111
Q

a type of anisocoria due to the denervation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic block

A

pathological anisocoria

112
Q

a type of abnormal pupil reaction where the defect is afferent

A

marcus gunn pupil

113
Q

a type of abnormal pupil reaction where the defect is afferent

A

marcus gunn pupil

114
Q

a type of abnormal pupil reaction where the defect is central (2)

A

parinaud’s syndrome
argyll robertson pupil

115
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic NS
type of metabolism

A

sympa- catabolic
para- anabolic

116
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic NS
nickname

A

sympa- fight or flight system
para- rest and repair system

117
Q

other name based on locations

A
117
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic NS
other name based on locations

A

sympa- adrenergic/ thoracolumbar
para- cholinergic/ craniosacral

118
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic NS
location of control

A

sympa- thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord (T1-L2)

para- brainstem and sacral spinal cord

119
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic NS
ocular structures

A

sympa- T1-T3
para- midbrain and pons paroli

120
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic NS
outflow

A

sympa- spinal cord (T1-L2)
para- cranial nerves (CN 3,7,9,10)

121
Q

the sympa and para outflows are controlled by what?

A

hypothalamus

122
Q

this integrates the anatomic and neuroendocrine system to preserve body homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

123
Q

hypothalamus receives signals from all parts of the nervous system, afferent input from the viscera and information concerning the _____ in the blood, this input is integrated whitin the hypothalamus and transmitted to the lower centers in the ____ and spinal cord

A

hormone levels

brainstem

124
Q

hypothalamus receives signals from all parts of the nervous system, afferent input from the viscera and information concerning the _____ in the blood, this input is integrated whitin the hypothalamus and transmitted to the lower centers in the ____ and spinal cord

A

hormone levels

brainstem

125
Q

oculat structures innervated by sympa NS vs. Para NS

A

sympa:
dillator pupillae
ciliary muscle (inhibitory effect)
mueller’s muscle
lacrimal glands (hyposecretion)
choroidal and conjuctival bv (constricted)

para:
shincter pupillae
ciliary muscle (excitatory effect)
lacrimal glands
choroidal and conjunctival bv (dilated)

126
Q

percentage of fibers (sphincter pupillae)

A

3%

127
Q

percentage of fibers (ciliary muscle)

A

97%

128
Q

stimulation of ciliary muscles lead to what?

A

accommodation

129
Q

stimulation of sphincter pupillae leads to?

A

miosis

130
Q

cranial nerve right after nucleus

A

CN7

131
Q

ventral root is between?

A

C1 and T2

132
Q

what comes after vidian nerve?

A

maxillary nerve

133
Q

CN3 leads to ____ division

A

superior

134
Q

T1-T2 is the ciliospinal ____ of the bridge

A

center

135
Q

hypothalamus is the _____ neuron

A

first/central neuron

136
Q

addies tonic is a _______ block

A

parasympathetic block

137
Q
A
138
Q

it is the build up of protein amyloid

A

amyloidosis

139
Q

5 conditions that can cause adie’s tonic pupil

A

autonomic neuropathies
amyloidosis
herpes zoster
orbital injury
extensive panretinal coagulation or cryotherapy

140
Q

the lesion in adies tonic is located at the

A

ciliary ganglion

141
Q

it is the denervation of PG nerve supply of the short ciliary nerve to sphincter and ciliary muscle

A

adie’s tonic pupil

142
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of adie’s tonic pupil? (8)

A
  1. mydriasis and cycloplegia
  2. internal ophthalmoplegia
  3. light-near dissociation
  4. slow constriction and reduction after light or near stimulus
  5. oval pupil
  6. sudden BOV
  7. photophobia
  8. reduction in knee jerk reflex
143
Q

this type of disorder is common in young women (3rd to 5th decades)

it is unilateral and the affected eye us dilated

A

adie’s tonic pupil

144
Q

this is a disorder which reacts poorly to light

has a poor direct and consensual reponse

A

adie’s tonic pupil

145
Q

reacts strongly but slowly and tonic to near targets

redilates very slowly when patient refixates at distance

A

adie’s tonic pupil

146
Q

method of diagnosis in adie’s tonic pupil

A

raective with 0.125% pilocarpine (hyperactive since a normal eye reacts to 0.5%)

147
Q

treatment of adie’s tonic pupil

A

-directed towards the symptom
-accommodation problem (bifocals)
-photophobia (diluted pilocarpine or cosmetic contact lenses)

148
Q

it is a sympathetic block where the lesion is at the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion or its pupillary fibers via nasociliary nerve, through long ciliary nerve which innervates

A

horner’s syndrome

149
Q

horner’s syndrome is a sympathetic block where the lesion is at the _________ or its ______ via ______, through ______ which innervates:

mueller’s muscle
dilator pupillae
sweat glands of neck and face

A

superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
pupillary fibers
nasociliary nerve
long ciliary nerve

150
Q

in horner’s syndrome, the long ciliary nerve which innervates: (3)

A

mueller’s muscle
dilator pupillae
sweat glands of neck and face

151
Q

common cause of horner’s syndrome

A

lung cancer

152
Q

types of sympathetic block in horner’s syndrome:

A

preganglionic (neoplasm at brain)
central (stroke)
post ganglionic (vascular origin)

153
Q

signs and symptoms of horner’s syndrome (4)

A

-mueller’s muscle at eyelid (lid retraction, sympathetic injury, partial blapharoptosis)
-dilator pupillae (mydriasis, sympathetic injury, miosis)
-sweatglands of neck and face (sweating, sympathetic injury, facial anhidrosis) + iris heterochromia (congenital)
-pupils react normally to light and near

154
Q

method of diagnosis in horner’s syndrome

A
  1. dark dilation test -> (2)
    2.1 normal dilation
    2.1.1 physiologic or benign anisocoria
    2.2 delayed or incomplete dilation
    2.2.1 cocain test
    2.2.1.1 normal
    2.2.1.2 pathologic
    2.2.1.2.1 hydrosyamphetamine test
    2.2.1.2.1.2 horner’s syndrome 1st/2nd neuron lesion
    2.2.1.2.1.2.2 horner’s syndrome 3rd neuron lesion
155
Q

it is a type of drug which is indirect acting from erythroxylon coca

A

cocaine

156
Q

from erythroxylon coca, also has local anesthetic properly with ISA

A

cocaine

157
Q

this drug’s mechanism of action is it blocks reuptake of NE at post ganglionic nerve

A

cocaine

158
Q

the ocular effects of cocaine: (3)

A

vasodilation
local anesthesia
mydriasis

159
Q

this drug’s mechanism of action is enhance the release of norepinephrine at post synaptic postganglionic neuron (3rd neuron)

A

1% hydroxyamphetmine

160
Q

this drug’s use if for mydriasis (central and preganglionic lesions)

in postganglionic lesions, they don’t dilate using this drug

A

1% hydroxyamphetmine

161
Q

pinching neck should ______ pupil

A

dilate

162
Q

cranial nerve for opening eye

A

CN3 oculomotor

163
Q

cranial nerve for closing eye

A

CN 7 facial

164
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side
direct light reflex

165
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side
indirect

166
Q

pupil have abnormal shape

A

dyscoria

clinical neuro (m) (4 decks)

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