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clinical neuro (m) > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what are the categories of pupil abnormalities? (2)

A
  1. abnormal pupil size
  2. abnormal pupil reaction
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2
Q

conditions with abnormal pupil size (2)

A
  1. adie’s tonic pupil
  2. horner’s syndrome pupil
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3
Q

what is BLOCKED in Adie’s tonic pupil?

A

parasympathetic block

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4
Q

what is BLOCKED in horner’s syndrome?

A

sympathetic block

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5
Q

conditions with abnormal pupil reactions? give the defects (3)

A
  1. marcus gunn pupil
  2. parinaud’s syndrome
  3. argyll robertson pupil
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6
Q

point to remember in PUPILLARY DEFECTS/ ABNORMALITIES:

A
  1. relative afferent pupillary defect
  2. relative efferent pupillary defect
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7
Q

defect when a lesion is at retina —-> pretectal nucleus

A

relative afferent pupillary defect

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8
Q

defect when a lesion is at preganglionic —- postganglionic

A

relative efferent pupillary defect

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9
Q

location of lesion if relative afferent pupillary defect

A

located from the retina to the pretectal nucleus

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10
Q

location of lesion if relative efferent pupillary defect

A

located from the preganglionic to the post ganglionic fibers

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11
Q

it is also known as relative afferent pupillary defect:

A

marcus gunn pupil

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12
Q

what does RAPD mean?

A

relative afferent pupillary defect

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13
Q

what is the other term for marcus gunn or RAPD/ APD?

A

pupillary escape

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14
Q

marcus gunn:
is the damage unilateral or bilateral?

A

bilateral

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15
Q

marcus gunn:
where is the damage at?

A

retinal ganglion

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16
Q

what diseases can cause marcus gunn? (5)

A
  1. CRAO
  2. CRVO
  3. BRVO
  4. optic atrophy
  5. marketed retinal detachment
    assymetric POAG
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17
Q

does
1. corneal
2. lenticular
3. vitreous
4. refractive or emotional loss of vision

cause marcus gunn? yes or no?

A

no because its not connected to retina

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18
Q

what disease/disorder does not cause marcus gunn response? (4)

A
  1. corneal
  2. lenticular
  3. vitreous
  4. refractive or emotional causes
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19
Q

does loss of vision due to refraction cause marcus gunn?

A

no

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20
Q

true of false
CRAO, CRVO, BRVO causes marcus gunn

A

true

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21
Q

what test do you use to diagnose marcus gunn?

A

swinging flashlight

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22
Q

in an afferent eye, the ______________ response is greater.

A

consensual

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23
Q

what response is lesser?

A

direct response

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24
Q

what equipment is used in the swinging flashlight test?

A

penlight

25
Q

marcus gunn can be detected at what part of the eye?

A

pupil

26
Q

argyll robertson pupil is always bilateral

A

true

27
Q

normal near response (light-near dissociation)

A

agryll robertson pupil

28
Q

does not respond to light or sometimes responds poorly to light

A

argyl robertson pupil

29
Q

this condition makes your pupil dilate poorly in darkness

A

argyll robertson pupil

30
Q

a parasympathetic condition that is CENTRAL and BILATERAL in nature

A

argyll robertson pupil

31
Q

list the common causes of argyll robertson pupil (3)

A
  1. neurosyphilis
  2. long term diabetes
  3. alcoholism
32
Q

any interruption of both afferent pathway and the central inhibitory fibers ___________________ to the aqueduct

A

ventral

33
Q

it is caused by any interruption in the pattern of CN2 to CN3

A

Argyll robertson pupil

34
Q

what is CN 3

A

oculomotor nerve

35
Q

what is the function of CN 3

A

provides motor and parasympathetic innervation to some of the structures within the bony orbit.

36
Q

what is CN 2

A

optic nerve

37
Q

what is the function of CN 2

A

responsible for transmitting visual information. The optic nerve contains only afferent (sensory) fibers, and like all cranial nerves is paired.

38
Q

give the 4 types of neurosyphilis

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. latent
  4. tertiary
39
Q

it is a bacterial infection of the brain or the spinal cord

A

neurosyphilis

40
Q

it is a sexually transmitted infection that spreads through direct contact with syphilis sores.

A

syphilis

41
Q

a life threathening disease which is a result of an untreated syphilis for many years

A

neurosyphilis

42
Q

is syphilis treateble? yes or no bitch

A

yes, perhaps, it is very much preventable

43
Q

slowly progressive degeneration of the spinal cord that occurs in the tertiary phase of the syphilis

A

tabes dorsalis/ syphilitic myelopathy

44
Q

tabes dorsalis can start to affect ____________ years or more

A

20 years or more

45
Q

tabes dorsalis is common, yes or no

A

no

46
Q

syphilitic myelopathy is characterized by a triad of clinical symptoms namely what?

A
  1. gait unsteadiness
  2. lighting pains
  3. urinary inconvenience
47
Q

a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency

A

long term diabetic mellitus

48
Q

long term diabetes affects the kidney

A

Over time, high blood sugar from diabetes can damage blood vessels in the kidneys as well as nephrons so they don’t work as well as they should. Many people with diabetes also develop high blood pressure, which can damage kidneys too.

49
Q

which organ produces insulin?

A

pancreas

50
Q

if the insulin is not functioning properly, what happens?

A

glucose cannot enter the cells

51
Q

function of pancreas

A

creates natural juices called pancreatic enzymes to break down foods

52
Q

another central defect disorder which manifests a lesion affecting the posterior commissure and the pretectal nuclei with interruption to the more dorsal afferent light pathway

A

parinaud’s syndrome

53
Q

parinaud’s syndrome is another central defect disorder which manifests a lesion affecting the ________ and the _____ with interruption to the more dorsal afferent light pathway

A

posterior commissure and pretectal nuclei

54
Q

parinauds syndome is another central defect disorder which manifests a lesion affecting the posterior commissure and the pretectal nuclei with interruption to the _______

A

more dorsal afferent light pathway

55
Q

give the 3 things we should observe in a person with parinaud’s syndrome

A
  1. large pupils
  2. constricts briskly to an accommodative target
  3. constricts poorly to light
56
Q

give the other names for parinaud’s syndrome (4)

A
  1. dorsal midbrain
  2. pretectal
  3. sylvian aqueduct
  4. koerbersalus-elshnig syndrome
57
Q

associated signs and symptoms for parinaud’s syndrome (3)

A
  1. vertical gaze
  2. collier’s sign
  3. convergence- retraction nystagmus
58
Q

what is collier’s sign?

A

is well known as unilateral or bilateral eyelid retraction due to midbrain lesions. This sign is usually caused by infarction, tumor, multiple sclerosis, neuro-degenerative disease, or encephalitis.

clinical neuro (m) (4 decks)

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