Midterm (Mitosis & Histology) Flashcards
Interphase
cell undergo GROWTH & DUPLICATION of DNA to prep for CELL DIVISION
- not part of MITOSIS
- G1, G2, M check pt
Mitosis
NUCLEAR Divison
- func; PRODUCE 2 Daughter cells, each w/same NUMBER ^ Chromos as PARENT Cell
- consist; PROPHASE, METEAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE
Prophase
- CHROMATIN CONDENSE, form VISIBLE CHROMOS
- NUCLEAR Envelope DISTENGRATES
- SPINDLE Apparatus FORM
Metaphase
- CENTROSOMES at OPP Ends
- CHROMOS LINE up on METAPHASE Plate
- KINETOCHRORES & MICROTUBULES attach at CENTROMERE
- structs; CHROMOS, SPINDLE Fibes, ASTRAL rays
Anaphase
- SISTER CHROMATIDS pulled APART by SPINDLE Fibers
- Cell ELONGATES
Telophase
- NUCLEAR Envelope REFORMS
- CHROMOS UNWIND to CHROMATIN
- NUCLEOLUS REAPPEARS
Cytokinesis
Div. CYTOPLASM thru a CLEAVAGE Furrow/ CELL Plate
Chromosomes
2 CHROMATIDS centered by CENTROMERE
Chromatids
PART of CHROMO
Metaphase plate
area, CHROMOS ALIGN between POLES
Daughter chromosome
each CHROMATID sep. at CENTROMERE
- locate; ANAPHASE
Cleavage furrow
area, Div. CYTOPLASM & ends as cell SPLIT into 2 DAUGHTER Cells
Epithelial Tissue
- consist; Layers closely spaced cells,
- func; cover Organ surfaces, form GLANDS, PROTECTION, SECRETION, ABSPORPTION
- POLARITY - APICAL, BASAL
- Avascular & Innervated - have NO Blood vessels, supplied by NERVE Fibers
- REGENERATIVE - via CELL Division
- SQUAMOUS, CUBODIAL, COLUMNAR, PSEUDOSTARATIFIED, TRANSITIONAL
- locate; EPIDERMIS, Lining of DIGESTIVE Tract, LIVER, GLANDS
Simple Epithela
1 layer of TIGHTLY packed Cells
Simple Squamous
1 layer of FLAT Cells w/ Oval NUClEI & little CYTOPLASM
- func; DIFFUSION, FILTRATION, FRICTION REDUCING thru Membranes, SECRETE Serous
- locate; KIDNEY, GLOMEROUS, Lining of HEART, BLOOD vessels, LYMPHATIC vessels, SEROASE, AIR SACS in LUNGS, INTESTINES
- structs; Nuclei, Basement membrane
Simple Cubodial
1 layer of CUBE Cells w/ CIRCLE Central NUClEI
- func; SECRETION, ABSORPTION, Produce Mucous
- locate; KIDNEY Tubules, LIVER, THYROID, DUCTS, SECRETORY parts of SMALL Glands, OVARY Surface
- structs; LUMEN, Basement membrane
Simple Columnar
1 layer of TALL Cells w/ Oval NUClEI & have CILIA
- func; SECRETETION, ABSORPTION
- locate; DIGESTIVE Tract, GALLBLADDER (NONCILIATED), Small BRONCHI, UTERINE Tubes, parts of UTERUS (CILIATED)
- structs; Goblet cell, Microvilli, Basement membrane, Nuclei
Pseudostratified Columnar
NUCLEI at dif. Layers (sugest multi. Layers of Cells, all Cells in CONTACT w/ BASAL Membrane
- func; SECRETION, PROPULSION of Mucus
- locate; Male SPERM-carrying DUCTS (NONCILIATED), TRACHEA (CILIATED)
- structs; Goblet cell, Basal cell, Cilia, Basement membrane
Stratified Epithelia
MULTIPLE layers of TIGHTLY packed Cells
Stratified Squamous
THICH Membrane consists of sev. LAYERS
- func; PROTECTION from ABRASION
- locate; form OUTER EPIDERMIS of Skin, Lining of ESOPHAGUS, MOUTH, VAGINA
- structs; AREOLAR Tissue, DENSE IRREG. Tissue
Stratified Cubodial
2 CELL Layers THICK
- func; PROTECTION
- locate; SWEAT, MAMMARY, SALIVARY Glands
Stratified Columnar
Limited DISTRIBUTION in Body
- func; PROTECTIOn, SECRETION
- locate; PHARYNX, Male URETHRA, Lining GRANDULAR Ducts
Transitional
sev. LAYERS of Cells (BASAL & APICAL cells)
- BASAL cell = CUBODIAL, APICAL cell = DOME-shaped
- func; STRETCHING
- locate; Lining of URNIARY Bladder, URETERS, part of URETHRA
Basement membrane
NONCELLULAR Adhesive Layer
- func; CONNECTS EPIDERMIS to underlying DERMIS
Goblet cell
INTENSTIAL Mucosal EPITHELIAL cell, which serves as the primary site for nutrient digestion and mucosal absorption
- func; PRIMARY Site for NUTRIENT Digestion & MUCOSAL Absorption
Muscular Tissue
- consist; ELONGATED Excitable Muscle cells specialized for CONTRACTION
- locate; SKELETAL Muscles, HEART (CARDIAC), WALLS of VISCERA (SMOOTH)
Skeletal Muscle
LONG Cylinder Cells w/many NUCLEI & Obvious STRIATIONS
- func; VOLUNTARY Contractions
- locate; SKELETAL Muscles ATTACH to BONES or SKIN
- consist; FIBERS, STRIATIONS, MULTINUCLEATE/SYNCYTICAL
- VOLUNTARY
- structs; NUCELI, STRIATIONS, MUSCLE Fiber
Voluntary
CONSCIOUS Control
Fibers
SKELETAL Muscle cells
Striations
STRIPES in FIBER
Multinucleate/ Syncytical
Individual MUSCLE Cells w/many NUCLEI (Nuceli ELONGATED & in EDGE of Cell)
Cardiac Muscle
BRANCHED Cell w/1 NUCLEUS, INTERCALATED Discs, LESS OBVIOUS STRIATIONS
- func; RHYTHMIC Contraction of HEART
- locate; WALLS of HEART
- consist; CARDIOCYTES, INTERCALATED Discs
- INVOLUNTARY
- structs; GLYCOGEN, STRIATIONS, INTERCALATED Discs
Cardiocytes
CARDIAC Muscle Cells
Involuntary
UNCONSCIOUS Control
Intercalated Discs
Activate TRANSMISSION of ELECTRICAL Impulses in HEART
- func; JOIN together CARDIOCYTES
Smooth Muscle
Sheets of SMALL Slender cells w/CENTRAL Nucleus, NO Striations
- func; PROPEL substances along INTERNAL passageways
- locate; DIGESTIVE Tract, Blood vessels, UTERUS
- INVOLUNTARY
- structs; NUCLE, Muscle cells
Nonstriated
Fibers DON’T have STRIPES
Involuntary
UNCONSCIOUS Control
Nervous Tissue
- consist; have SPECIALIZED Cells for fats TRANSMISSION of coded INFO to other Cells
- locate; BRAIN, SPINAL Cord, NERVES
- structs; AXON, DENDRITES, NEUORSOMA, NUCELI
Neuron
RECEIVE Impulses AWAY from CELL Body
- consist; NEUROSOMA, AXON, GILAL Cells
Dendrites
Short BRANCHED Threadlike EXTENSIONS
- func; conduct Impulses TOWARD Cell Body
Neurosoma
NERVE Cell Body
Axon
CARRY Nerve Impulses AWAY from CELL Body
Gilal cells/Neuroglia
CELLS of NERVOUS System
- func; GUIDE developing NEURONS to SYNAPSES, REMOVE Neurotransmitters from SYNAPSE
Connective Tissue
- consist; Lots of MATRIX that’s SPECIALIZED to SUPPORT & PROTECT Organs, BIND Tissues/Organs to each other
- locate; TENDONS/LIGAMENTS, CARTILAGE/BONE, BLOOD
Dense C.T.
FIBES fill in SPACE between CELLS
- consist; Dense Reg., Dense Irreg.
Dense Regular C.T
PARALLEL COLLAGEN Fibers w/few ELASTIC Fibers
- func; BIND Muscle & Bone
- locate; TENDON, LiGAMENT
- structs; COLLAGEN Fiber, GOUND Substance, FIBROBLAST Nuclei
Dense Irregular C.T.
IRREGULARLY Arranged COLLAGEN Fibers
- func; STRUCTURAL Strength, RESIST STRESS, STRAIN against TEAR
- locate; DERMIS, White of EYE, FIBROUS organ CAPSULES
- structs; GLAND Ducts, FIBROBLAST Nuclei, Ground substance, bundles of COLLAGEN Fiber
Collagen
provide STRUCTURAL Support to EXTRACELLULAR space of C.T.
Collagenous Fiber
TOUGH, provide HIGH Tensile STRENGTH
- func; STRETCH (Not SNAP)
- locate; TENDON (B to M), LIGAMENT (M to M)
- consist; COLLAGEN
Fibroblasts
Produce C.T. & maintain STRUCTURAL Framework
Reticular Tissue
Loose GROUND Substance w/RETICULAR Fibers
- func; Soft INTERNAl Skeleton SUPPORT other cell types
- locate; LYMPH Nodes, SPLEEN, Bone MARROW
- consist; RETICULAR Fibers
- structs; RETICULAR Fiber, LEUKOCTYES
Areolar Tissue
Gel-like MATRIX w/ALL 3 C.T. (ELASTIC, COLLANGENOUS,RETICULAR)
- func; WRAP/CUSHION Organs, BIND Epithelia to LOWER Layers
- locate; thru out body AROUND many ORGANS
- consist; FIBROBLASTS, MACROPHAGES, MAST Cells, White Blood Cells
- structs; Ground substance, ELASTIC Fiber, FIBROBLASTS, COLLAGENOUS Fiber
Elastic Fibers
THINNER than COLLAGENOUS Fibers
- func; BRANCH & REJOIN each other
- consist; protein; ELASTIN
Reticular Fibers
THIN COLLAGEN Fibers coated w/GLYCOPROTEIN
- func; for FRAMEWORK of SPLEEN & LYMPH Nodes
Adipose Tissue
MATRIX sim. to AREOLAR C.T. w/closely packed ADIPOCTYES
- func; ENERGY Storage, INSULATION, SUPPORT, PROTECTION
- locate; Under SKIN, around KIDNEYS, ABDOMEN, BREASTS
- consist; ADIPOCYTES
- structs; BLOOD Vessel, ADIPOCTYE Nuclei
Adipoctyes
cells make up ADIPOSE Tissue
Cartilage
STIFF C.T. w/FLEXIBLE MATRIX
Chondrocytes
CARTILAGE Cells in LACUNAE
Lacuna
CAVITY, part of CARTILAGE Tissue
Perichondrium
SHEATH of DENSE IRREG. C.T.
Hyaline Cartilage
CONTINOUS Firm MATRIX w/OBSCURE Network of COLLAGEN Fibers
- func; REDUCE FRICTION in JOINTS, RESIST COMPRESSION, keep AIR Passages OPEN
- locate; END of LONG Bones, NOSE, TRACHEA, LARNYX
- consist; CHONDROCYTES
- structs; MATRIX, PERICHONDRIUM, LACUNAE, CHONDROCYTES
Fibrocartilage
MATRIX similar to HYALINE Cartilage, LESS Firm w/THICK COLLAGEN Fibers
- func; ABSORB Compression SHOCK, PROTECT from WEAR/TEAR
- locate; INVERTEBRATE Discs, PUBIC Symphysis, DIscs of KNEE Joint
- structs; CHONDROCYTES, COLLAGEN Fibers
Elastic Cartilage
many ELASTIC Fibers (made of ELASTIC)
- func; FLEXIBLE while maintain SHARE & STRUCT.
- locate; SUPPORT Outer EAR, EPIGLOTTIS
- consist; ELASTIC Fibers
- structs; PERIOCHONDRIUM, ELASTIC Fibers, LACUNAE, CHONDROCYTES
Bone
OSSEOUS Tissue, CALCIFIED C.T.
- func;
- 2 types; COMPACT, SPONGY
- locate;
- consist; CARTILAGE, HYDROXYAPITITE, OSTEOCTYES, OSTEONS, COLLAGEN Fibers
- structs; LACUNAE, CANALICULI, CENTRAL Canal,OSTEON, CONCENCENTRIC Lamellae
Hydroxyapatite
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE Mineral
Osteons
ring-like pattern
Central Canal
HOLE in CENTER of OSTEON
- func; house Blood vessels/NERVES
Osteocytes
form OSTEONS
- locate; in LACUNAE
Compact Bone
HARD Calcified Bone w/COLLAGEN Fibers
- func; SUPPORT, PROTECT, LEVERS for Muscular action
- locate; SKELETON
- consist; HYDROXYAPATITIE, OSETOCYTES, OSTEONS
Spongy Bone
Highly VASCULARIZED & POROUS
- func; STORAGE of BONE Marrow, Produce RED Blood cells
- locate; ENDS of LONG Bones, INSIDE Vertebrate & RIBS
- consist; TRABECULAE
Blood
RED/WHITE Blood cells in FLUID Matrix (PLASMA)
- func; TRANSPORT of RESPIRATORY GASES, NUTRIENTS, WASTE, IMMUNITY
- locate; BLOOD Vessels, HEART
- structs; PLATELETS, LYMPHOCYTE
