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Hearing Science 2 > Midterm Loudness > Flashcards

Midterm Loudness Flashcards

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1
Q

Loudness

A

The perception of intensity

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2
Q

How to determine if tones of different freq are the same loudness

A

Equal loudness contours- Subject asked to match loudness of the the test tone to a frequency tone of 1kHz

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3
Q

Phons

A 
Unit of loudness at 1kHz
Equal to 1 dBSPL
Compares a test tone to a reference tone
Flattens out as intensity increases
Equality of loudness
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4
Q

A weighting of phons

A

Mimics 30-40 phon scale

Deemphasizes low at low intensity

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5
Q

B weighting of phons

A

Mimics 70 phon scale

Deemphasizes lows at low intensity

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6
Q

C weighting of phon scale

A

Mimics 100 phon scale

Flatter responses

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7
Q

How to assess loudness

A

Magnitude estimation
Magnitude production
Sone scale

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8
Q

Magnitude estimation

A

Subject decides how loud a stimulus is in reference to another perceived loudness

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9
Q

Magnitude production

A

Subject adjusts stimulus to reach a specified loudness

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10
Q

Sone scale

A 
Developed by S.S. Stevens in 1955
Unit of loudness referencing 40 phons
Gives a ratio of loudness
Loudness scaling
10 dB inc= doubling of loudness perception
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11
Q

Factors affecting loudness

A 
Noise
Binaurality
Freq
Duration
Adaptation
Complexity of signal
Loudness recruitment
Auditory fatigue
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12
Q

How does noise affect loudness

A

In background noise, a dec. in loudness will be perceived even with no change in intensity
Noise will inc threshold of detection & loudness growth

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13
Q

Who developed the loudness curve

A

Zwislocki in 1964

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14
Q

How does Binaurality affect loudness

A

Inc the perceived loudness of a stimulus

Monaural is 1/2 as loud

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15
Q

How does freq affect loudness

A

The dynamic range is different at different freq
Wider at 1kHz
800 to 5000 the growth of loudness mimics 1kHz
Below 800 and above 5000 the growth of loudness inc rapidly

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16
Q

How does duration affect loudness

A

Loudness grows quickly within the first 200 msec
After the first 200 msec the perception of loudness remains constant
Shorter durations require higher intensity to achieve equal loudness

17
Q

Adaptation

A

There is apparent decrease in loudness of a signal that is continuously present at a fixed level

18
Q

4 basic truths about adaptation

A
  1. There is a noticeable variability among people in terms of how much adaptation occurs
  2. Loudness of a pure tone adapts when presented at levels up to 30 dBSPL, then it tends to flatten out
  3. There is more adaptation at high-frequency then low-frequency
  4. Adaptation is about the same one presented monaurally vs binaurally
19
Q

How does the complexity of the signal affect loudness

A

Complex tones are often perceived to be louder than pure tones of equal SPL
Loudness depends upon spectral characteristics

20
Q

Energy summation

A

Accounts for loudness perception of complex stimuli when energy is concentrated within a critical band

21
Q

Loudness summation

A

Accounts for loudness perception of complex stimuli when energy is distributed outside a critical band

22
Q

Loudness recruitment

A

Abnormal rapid growth of loudness with increased intensity

23
Q

How to test for loudness recruitment with unilateral losses

A

Use magnitude production

24
Q

How to test for loudness recruitment for bilateral losses

A

magnitude estimation

25
Q

Normal results for loudness recruitment testing

A

Produce loudness matching function with slope close to 1.0

26
Q

Unilateral results for loudness recruitment testing

A

Cochlear losses produce slopes much greater than 1.0

27
Q

Bilateral losses results for loudness recruitment testing

A

Cochlear losses produce slopes greater then 1.0

Similar pattern to unilateral losses

28
Q

Why does loudness recruitment occur

A

Loss of neurons that detect weak stimuli, but not loud ones, increased neural firing rate at high-intensities

29
Q

Tests to use for loudness recruitment

A

SISI- Short increment sensitivity index, Slight increase in intensity at some point during the stimulus
ABLB- Alternating binaural loudness balance, Present reference and comparison tones to both ears, determine differences between ears
UCL- Patient presented with loud stimuli to determine when a stimulus is too loud

30
Q

Auditory fatigue

A

The temporary loss of sensitivity to a stimulus after exposure to another stimulus
During fatigue system is incapable of responding or requires more energy

31
Q

What is auditory fatigue dependent on

A

Intensity of stimulus
Duration of stimulus
Frequency of stimulus

32
Q

Auditory fatigue initial recovery

A

Recovery process occurs within first minute, this process only last for that long, secondary recovery occurs later

33
Q

Auditory fatigue metabolic recovery

A

Compound action potential larger after fatiguing stimulus, oxygen supply greater in cochlea

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