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Hearing Science 2 > Localization Final > Flashcards

Localization Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Monotic?

A

Stimuli is presented to one ear

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2
Q

What is Diotic?

A

Stimuli of identical parameters is presented to both ears

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3
Q

What is dichotic?

A

Stimuli of different parameters is presented to both ears

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4
Q

What is localization?

A

The ability to identify the positionof a sound source in the environment

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5
Q

What is Lateralization?

A

The ability to identify the position of the origin that is perceived to be within the head

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6
Q

Who first studied localization & when? How? Hypothesize?

A
  • Venturi in late 18th century
  • tested normals and hearing impaired localization skills while playing a flute
  • intensity differences between ears caused localization
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7
Q

Problems with Intensity Theory?

A
  • front-back confusion- we have difficulty determining if sound is coming from front or back, this theory is not true because it will be quieter from behind
  • side placement of stimulus- either front or back of binaural axis, we have difficulty determining if its coming from font or back of binaural axis
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8
Q

Who was the first person to suggest that phase differences are the root of localization?

A

Holmholtz

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9
Q

Who first suggested that time was a critical factor in localization?

A

Mallock

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10
Q

Who performed studies of localization on the roof of the Harvard Biological Laboratories?

A

Stevens & Newman

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11
Q

What were the results of Stevens & Newman’s study?

A
  • localization of sound is most accurate below 1000 Hz and above 4000 Hz
  • greatest errors found between 2000 and 4000 Hz
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12
Q

Why do the most errors in localization occur between 1500 Hz and 2000 Hz?

A

the external auditory canal and pinna naturally amplify sound at these frequencies, this change in amplification could throw off our ability to localize

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13
Q

What is the head shadow effect?

A

the presence of the head alters the intensity of the sound

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14
Q

What is Interaural Intensity Difference (IID)

A

caused by dichotic presentation of stimuli

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15
Q

Results of research done on Interaural Intensity Difference?

A
  • results found no differences in IID between ears when sounds were presented at 0 and 180 degrees
  • IIDs occurred when stimulus was closer to one ear than other
  • Low frequencies are affected less because they have longer wavelengths than high frequencies, head shadow will affect high frequencies more
  • max differences were at 90 degrees
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16
Q

What frequencies are Interaural Time Difference used for localizing?

A

Low frequencies

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17
Q

What frequencies are Interaural Intensity Difference used for localizing?

A

high frequencies

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18
Q

What is the Duplex Theory?

A

the localization of a sound is based upon combo of interaural time and intensity difference

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19
Q

At what degrees does front-rear confusion occur?

A

0 or 180 degrees

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20
Q

At what frequencies was Minimum Audible Angle (MAA) best?

A

below 1500 Hz and above 2000 Hz

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21
Q

What is concurrent minimum audible angle (CMAA)?

A

simultaneous presentation of stimulus

22
Q

Similarities between CMAA and MAA?

A
  • most accurate when presented in front of subject
  • least sensitive when off to the side
  • affected by spectral differences
23
Q

What is Minimum Audible Movement Angle (MAMA)?

A

signal being present while in movement

24
Q

What is the Precedence Effect?

A

within a certain time frame, the earlier sound will dominate the later arriving signal, or the sound that is louder will dominate the softer signal

25
Q

What is the Phantom Effect?

A

Occurs when sound is presented through 2 speakers and the origin is perceived between them

26
Q

Perceptual Groups

A
  • fundamental freq
  • onset differences
  • differences with prior sounds
  • changes in amplitude or freq
  • location
27
Q

What is Timbre

A

the attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which a listener can judge that 2 sounds similarly presented and having the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar

28
Q

Time dependent components that give us timbre.

A
  • periodicity vs. aperiodicity
  • constant or fluctuant
  • changes in characteristics over time
  • preceding or subsequent stimuli
29
Q

Effects of onset differences

A
  • if signal preceded masker then threshold was lower

- if signal preceded masker, but signal shut off when masker started, then the lower threshold was unaffected

30
Q

What is Masking?

A

the process by which the audibility of one signal is affected by another and the amount by which it is affected

31
Q

What is speech composed of?

A

complex waveforms that vary in frequency and amplitude

32
Q

How are perception and production of speech related?

A

in order for us to understand the speech sounds we have to be able to produce them

33
Q

What are phonemes?

A

group of sounds that are considered the components of the same language by native speakers of that language, smallest components of words

34
Q

What does production of speech involve?

A
  • lungs
  • trachea
  • larynx
  • oropharynx
  • mouth/lips
35
Q

How does speech production occur?

A
  • vocal folds move in order to change airflow
  • opening and closing of folds creates periodic changes in the air coming out
  • vocal tract is a variable resonator
  • characteristics of vocal tract introduce resonance into speech
36
Q

What kind of fundamental frequencies will larger volume resonators have?

A

lower

37
Q

Consonant production characteristics

A
  • place of articulation

- manner of articulation

38
Q

Places of articulation

A
  • bilabial
  • labiodental
  • interdental
  • alveolar
  • palatal
  • velar
  • glottal
39
Q

Manners of articulation

A
  • stops
  • fricatives
  • affricates
  • nasals
  • glides
  • liquids
40
Q

What is speech perception?

A

a search for meaning, based on ability to discriminate between identifying acoustic-phonetic features of the waveform

41
Q

What is segmentation?

A

when we hear sounds, we perceive a series of separate sounds that can be combined in an innumerable number of ways, the listener combines these separate sounds into meaningful words, phrases, etc.

42
Q

How are vowels characterized?

A

by patterns of vocal tract resonances (formants)

43
Q

How are consonants characterized?

A

by more rapid movements of articulators

44
Q

What is the perception of speech with a hearing loss dependent on?

A
  • audibility

- suprathreshold recognition ability

45
Q

Why is vowel perception not typically affected by hearing impairment?

A

vowels hold the most acoustic energy of the phonemes

46
Q

What are the models of speech perception?

A
  • motor theory
  • cue-based approach
  • TRACE model
47
Q

What is motor theory?

A

our perception of speech is in part dependent upon our perception of the movements made by the articulators, etc.

48
Q

What is cue-based approach? What is the process?

A
  • we process speech based upon distinct representation of speech into segments
  • Process: detect envelope for significant landmarks, extract the acoustic cues, cues are combined to then perceive words
49
Q

What is TRACE model?

A

our perception of speech is based upon 3 layers of perception of phonetic cues, called nodes

50
Q

What does speech perception have to do with audiology?

A
  • speech testing (retrocochlear pathology usually have bad speech perception)
  • hearing aid programming
  • cochlear implant programming

Hearing Science 2 (7 decks)

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