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MED ORG LEC > Midterm Lessoon 1 > Flashcards

Midterm Lessoon 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Introduce the principles for surgery and post traumatic injury

A

Joseph lister

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2
Q

What did Joseph lister used as a wash for hands, as a spray on an incision site, and on bandages applied to wounds

A

phenol

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3
Q

Magic bullets

A

Paul erlich

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4
Q

Compound 606

A

Salvarsan for syphilis

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5
Q

Amebic dysentery

A

ipecac - Paul erlich

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6
Q

For malaria

A

Cinchona

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7
Q

Application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection

A

Antisepsis - antiseptic

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8
Q

Destruction or marked reduction in the number or activity of microorganisms

A

Decontamination

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9
Q

Chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microes or viruses, but not spores, in or on **inanimate surfaces

A

disinfection

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10
Q

Reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surfaces to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes

A

sanitization

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11
Q

A process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptably low probability of survival

A

Sterilization

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12
Q

A process that kills nonsporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65C - 100 C

A

pasteurization

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13
Q

alcohol other names (3)

A

Ethanol, ethyl alcohol, wine spirit

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14
Q

Clear, colorless, volatile liquid with a burning taste and a characteristics pleasant odor. Flammable, miscible with water in all proportions

A

alcohol

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15
Q

types of alcohol

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

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16
Q

What is the enzyme used in breaking down ethanol

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

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17
Q

MEOS

A

Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

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18
Q

Ethanol breaks down into

A

acetaldehyde

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19
Q

Acetaldehyde breaks down into

A

Acetyl coa

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20
Q

What enzyme breaks down acetaldehyde

A

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)

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22
Q

Chain length increase = van DER Waals interaction increase =

A

Ability to penetrate microbial membranes

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23
Q

Water solubility increase =

A

Apparent antimicrobial potency diminishes with molecular weight

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24
Q

Antibacterial potencies of the primary alcohol increases with molecular weight until

A

The 8 -caarbon atom (octanol)

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25
Q

Dehydrated alcohol, or absolute alcohol containes

A

Not less than 99% w/w of ethanol

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26
Q

Prepared commercially by azeotropic distillation of an ethanol-bezene mixture

A

Dehydrated ethanol

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27
Q

Continuous boiling

A

Azeotropic distillation

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28
Q

It contains 95% ethanol by volume

A

ethanol

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29
Q

Ethanol can be prepared synthetically by the

A

Sulfuric-acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene

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30
Q

This alcohol is rapidly bactericidal in the concentration range of 50% to 95%

A

Isopropyl alcohol

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31
Q

Uses of isopropyl alcohol in pharmaceuticals and toiletries

A

Solvent and preservative

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32
Q

Used on gauze pads for sterilization of the skin prior to hypodermic injections

A

Azeotropic isopropyl alcohol, USP

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33
Q

Aka isopropanol (2-propanol)

A

Isopropyl ethanol

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34
Q

Considered a substitute for ethanol but must not be ingested

A

Isopropyl ethanol

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35
Q

Preparation of isopropyl ethanol

A

Commercially by the Sulfuric-acid- catalyzed hydration of propylene

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36
Q

Primary use of isopropyl ethanol

A

Disinfectant for the skin and for surgical instruments

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37
Q

A 40% concentration os isopropanol is considered equal in antiseptic efficacy to a ___ ethanol I water solution

A

60%

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38
Q

2 aldehydes

A

Formaldehyde
glutaraldehyde

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39
Q

Cidex, a 5-carbon dialdehyde

A

glutaraldehyde

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40
Q

Where is commercial glutaraldehyde stabilized

A

In alkaline solution

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41
Q

Is used as a dilute solution for sterilization of equipment and instruments that cannot be autoclaved

A

glutaraldehyde

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42
Q

What pH glutaraldehyde rapidly polymerizes

A

8.5

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42
Q

Remains the standard to which the activity of most germicidal substances is compared

A

Phenol, USP

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43
Q

Measurement os the effectivity of disinfectant compared to phenol

A

Phenol coefficient

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44
Q

Carbolic caid

A

phenol

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45
Q

Colorless to pale-pink crystalline material

A

phenol

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46
Q

What is the characteristic odor of phenol

A

Medicinal odor

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47
Q

Phenol is soluble to the extent of 1 parts to __ parts water

A

15

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48
Q

salol

A

Phenyl salicylate

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49
Q
  • Exhibits germicidal activity
  • Caustic to skin
  • exerts local anesthetic effects
  • must be diluted to avoid tissue destruction and dermatitis
50
Q

Substitution with alkyl, aryl, and halogen groups increases ___

A

Bactericidal activity

51
Q

____ alkyl groups enhance bactericidal activity more than branched groups

A

Straight- chain

52
Q

Still used occasionally as an antipruritic in phenolated calamine lotion

53
Q

Other names of phenol

A

-Liquified phenol
- 1 - hydroxybenzene
- benzenol
- carbolic acid

54
Q

____ solution of phenol in glycerin has been used to cauterize small wounds

55
Q

A biphenol, possess greater potency than a monophenol

A

hexachlorophene

56
Q

Increased degree of chlorination of hexachlorophene =

A

Increases its antiseptic potency further

57
Q

A mixture of three isomeric methylphenols

58
Q

Where is cresol obtained

A

Coal tar or petroleum by alkaline extraction into aqueous medium, acidification, and fractional distillation

59
Q

Eugenol name

A

4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol

60
Q

Where is eugenol obtained

A

From clove oil

61
Q

Physical Characteristics of eugenol (3)

color, odor, taste

A

Pale-yellow liquid
Strong aroma of cloves
Pungent taste

62
Q

Uses of eugenol

A

Toothaches
Mouthwashes (antiseptic)

63
Q

Phenol coefficient of eugenol

64
Q

Name of thymol

A

Isopropyl m-cresol

65
Q

Where is thymus extracted

A

Oil of thymus vulgaris

66
Q

How is thymus extracted

A

By partitioning into alkaline aqueous medium followed by acidification

67
Q

Uses of thymol

A

Use in alcohol solutions
In dusting powders for the treatment of tinea infections

68
Q

Has mild fungicidal properties

69
Q

Compound is formulated with 30% water to make it safer to handle

A

Benzoyl peroxide

70
Q

Phenols and their derivatives (5)

A

Phenols
Hexachlorophene
Cresol
Thymol
eugenol

71
Q

Consists of two benzoyl groups bridged by a peroxide link

A

Benzoyl peroxide

72
Q

Halogen containing compounds

A

Povidone iodine

73
Q

The preparation provides a nontoxic, nonvolatile and containing form of iodine that is not irritating to the skin or wounds

A

Povidone iodine

74
Q

Used as an aqueous solution for presurgical disinfection of the incision site

A

Povidone iodine

75
Q

Used in disinfection of water supplies

A

Coloring containing compounds or chlorine?

76
Q

These compounds release hypochlorous acid when dissolved in water, especially in the presence of acid

A

Chlorine containing compounds

77
Q

Most effective of a series of antibacterial biguanides originally developed in great Britain

A

Chlorhexidine gluconate

78
Q

Uses of chlorhexidine gluconate

A

Preoperative skin disinfection, wound irrigation, mouthwashes, and general sanitization

79
Q

has weak antiseptic properties that make it useful for the treatment of cystitis and urethritis

A

Methylene blue

80
Q

What compound color the urine and stool blue green

A

Methylene blue

81
Q

What is the action of methylene blue

A

Bacteriostatic - stop growth of bacteria

82
Q

Where is ellementalmercury incorporated

A

Ointment bases

83
Q

What bridges the two benzoyl groups in benzoyl peroxide

A

Peroxide link

84
Q

Mercury used topically for

A

Treatment of localized infections and syphilis

85
Q

Inorganic salts of mercury

A

Mercuric chloride HgCl2
Mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2

86
Q

Use of inorganic salts of ercury

A

Antiseptics

87
Q

2 general classes of Organo mercurials

A

Compounds with at least one carbon-mercury bond that does not ionize readily

Compounds with mercury bonded to heterotoms that ionize partially or completely

88
Q

organomercurials

A

Nitromersol
Thimerosal

89
Q

metaphen

A

nitromersol

90
Q

merthiolate

A

thimerosal

91
Q

Occurs as yellow powder that is practically water and sparingly soluble on alcohol and most organic solvents

A

nitromersol

92
Q

Characteristics of nitromersol

A

Nonirritating to mucous membrane
nonstaining

93
Q

Cream colored

A

Thimerosal

94
Q

Characteristics of thimerosal

A

Water soluble powder
Nonstaining
Nonirritating to tissues
Bacteriostatic antiseptic
Applied topically in ointments

95
Q

2 that Used Preservatives

A

Methyl paraben
Propyl paraben

96
Q

Used as a safeguard against mold growth

A

Methyl paraben

97
Q

Used as a preservative, primarily to retard yeast growth

A

Propyl paraben

98
Q

Other preservatives used

A

Chlorobutanol
benzyl alcohol

99
Q

A bacteriostatic gent in pharmaceuticals for injection, opthalmic use, and intranasal administration

A

chlorobutanol

100
Q

Occurs naturally as the unesterified form in oil of jasmine and in esters of acetic, cinnamic and benzoic acids

A

Benzl alcohol

101
Q

Benzyl alcohol occurs naturally in benzoic acids in ___(5)

A

Gum benzoin
Storax resin
Peru balsam
Tolu balsam
Some volatile oils

102
Q

Used as a preservative in vials of injectable drugs in concentrations of 1% to 4% in water or saline solutions

A

Benzyl alcohol

103
Q

This is also used in ointments and lotions as an anti septic in the treatment of various pruritic skin conditions

A

Benzyl alcohol

104
Q

Anti fungals (6)

A

Zinc propionate
Undecylenic acid
Triacetin
Salicylic acid
Resorcinol
Benzoic acid

105
Q

This salt form is unstable to moisture forming zinc hydroxide and propionic acid

A

Zinc propionate

106
Q

Used as a fungicide, particularly on adhesive tape

A

Zinc propionate

107
Q

10-undecenoic acid

A

Undecylenic acid

108
Q

Fatty acid that resembles sebum

A

Undecylenic acid

109
Q

Traditionally used for athletes foot

A

Undecylenic acid

110
Q

Other names for undecylenic acid

A

10-undecenoic acid
( Desenex, crusex)

111
Q

Other names for triacetin

A

Glyceryl triacetate
(Enzactin, fungacetin)

112
Q

Activity of triaceting is a result of

A

Acetic acid released by hydrolysis of the compound

113
Q

Has both antiseptic and keratolytic properties and used externally

A

Salicylic acid

114
Q

White needle-like crystals

A

Salicylic acid

115
Q

Has a Slight sweet taste

A

Salicylic acid

116
Q

M-hydroxyphenol

A

resorcinol

117
Q

Also possesses antiseptic and keratolytic acitivity

A

resorcinol

118
Q

Possess antifungal effects but cannot penetrate the outer layer of the skin in infected areas

A

Benzoic acid

119
Q

What is admixed with benzoic acid when used as antifungal agent

A

Keratolytic agent

120
Q

Whitfields ointment, USP contents

A

Benzoic acid , 6%, and salicylic acid, 6%, in a petrolatum base

MED ORG LEC (3 decks)

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