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Biol 200 > midterm lectures 10-13 (AI questions) > Flashcards

midterm lectures 10-13 (AI questions) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the male gametophyte in Ginkgo biloba nourish itself from?

A

Megasporangium

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2
Q

What is suggested by the male gametophyte’s nourishment from the megasporangium?

A

A different ancestral role for the pollen tube

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3
Q

What is the dispersal unit in seed plants?

A

Seeds

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4
Q

What is the dispersal unit in seedless plants?

A

Spores

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5
Q

True or False: Spores are the principal mechanism for dispersal in all higher plants for the first 100 million years after land colonization.

A

True

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6
Q

What are three advantages of seeds compared to spores?

A
  • Multicellularity protects
  • Protective seed coat
  • Internal nutrient-storing cells
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7
Q

What major environmental changes influenced gymnosperm evolution?

A
  • Drier climate in the Permian
  • Volcanism and CO2 release at the end of the Permian
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8
Q

List the major groups of gymnosperms.

A
  • Cycad
  • Ginkgo
  • Gnetophyta
  • Conifers
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9
Q

What are the favored habitats for conifers?

A
  • Nutrient-poor
  • Mesic/dry
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10
Q

What are the favored habitats for deciduous trees?

A
  • Fertile soil
  • Moderate temperature
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11
Q

What trait has been a fundamental advance in land plant diversification?

A

The evolution of the seed trait

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12
Q

What has evolutionary change focused on in the seed plants?

A

Efficiency of sexual reproduction in the gametophyte phase

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The female gametophyte is attached to, and nutritionally dependent on, the _______.

A

Sporophyte

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14
Q

What explains the success of conifers in certain habitats?

A

Evolutionary trade-offs

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15
Q

What is the primary focus of evolutionary change prior to seed plants?

A

Access to above-and belowground resources by the sporophyte phase

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16
Q

What is the evolutionary impact of seeds on dispersal, germination, and colonization?

A

Critical evolutionary advantages

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

What are Bryophytes?

A

Non-vascular plants, such as mosses

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19
Q

What are the principal biological features of Bryophytes?

A

• Herbaceous only
• Nutrient and water uptake via thin leaf-like appendages
• Attachment to substrate via rhizoids
• Require moisture to complete life cycle
• Life cycle dominated by the gametophyte stage

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20
Q

What is the typical life cycle of a moss?

A

Includes both asexual and sexual reproduction

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21
Q

What is the significance of mosses to humans?

A

Mosses have various ecological and practical benefits

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22
Q

What is the general phylogeny of Bryophytes?

A

Includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts with varying species richness

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23
Q

What are the key evolutionary trends in Bryophytes?

A

• Development of the embryo phase
• Adaptation to terrestrial life

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24
Q

What are Pteridophytes?

A

Seedless vascular plants, such as ferns

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25
What are the principal novel features of Pteridophytes?
• Vascular system • Sporophyte dominance
26
What is the life cycle of a typical fern?
Includes both asexual and sexual reproduction
27
What was the significance of the giant pteridophyte forests during the Carboniferous period?
They played a crucial role in the formation of coal deposits
28
Fill in the blank: Bryophytes are characterized by a life cycle dominated by the _______ stage.
gametophyte
29
True or False: Bryophytes have a well-developed vascular system.
False
30
What problems do land plants face due to water scarcity?
• Drying out • Water access and internal transport • Fertilization
31
What ancestral group gave rise to higher plants?
Charophyceae (freshwater green algae)
32
What differentiates the main groups of Bryophytes?
• Liverworts: ~9000 spp. (no stomates) • Mosses: ~15000 spp. • Hornworts: ~100 spp. (sporophyte relatively long-lived)
33
What are the methods of asexual reproduction in mosses?
Clonal fragmentation and specialized dispersal propagules
34
Fill in the blank: The evolutionary selection pressures that generated novel features in Pteridophytes include _______.
environmental changes
35
What is the embryo condition in the classification of land plants?
Embryo phase is a defining characteristic of Embryophytes
36
What ancestral group gave rise to higher plants?
Charophyceae ## Footnote 'Embryophytes are a form of terrestrial algae'
37
What are the advantages of aquatic environments for photosynthesizing organisms?
* Constant nutrient replenishment * Efficient waste removal * Abundant light near the surface * CO2 diffusion from the atmosphere
38
What are the disadvantages of aquatic environments for photosynthesizing organisms?
* Little structural investment needed * Rapid decay after mortality * Intense herbivory
39
What new traits did ancestral open water algae evolve to grow in shoreline environments?
* Multicellular form with thallus * Specialized meristems * Cell walls for support * Conducting tissues * Mucilage for desiccation resistance
40
What evolutionary pressures promoted the colonization of land by ancestral aquatic algae?
Environmental changes requiring adaptations to survive in terrestrial habitats
41
What were the principal new traits that early land plant species evolved?
* Specialized structures (stems, leaves, roots) * Cell walls (cellulose, lignin) * Conducting tissues (xylem, phloem) * Cuticle with waxy coating
42
What are the advantages of terrestrial environments for photosynthesizing organisms?
* Abundant CO2 * Potential for tall growth * Access to soil nutrients
43
What are the disadvantages of terrestrial environments for photosynthesizing organisms?
* Limited light due to canopy shading * Scarcity of water and nutrients * Major structural investment needed
44
What role did lichens and mycorrhizae play in the colonization of land by plants?
They helped develop soil organic matter, storing and supplying water and nutrients
45
What environmental conditions were present on land 500 million years ago?
* Abundant light and CO2 * Scarce water and nutrients * Hot and dry conditions at times * Open unoccupied space for colonization
46
What were the dominant early vascular land plants from 425-370 million years ago?
* Trimerophyte (~100 cm high) * Rhynio- and Zosterophyllophytes (~18 cm high)
47
Fill in the blank: Early plants had no _______.
leaves
48
True or False: The biomass of autotrophs is generally greater than that of heterotrophic animals in terrestrial environments.
True
49
What is the trend in the development of evolutionary adaptations within land plants?
Increased focus on structural and sexual reproduction features
50
What is a significant characteristic of photosynthetic organisms in open water environments?
High Surface Area/Volume ratio
51
What is the significance of conducting tissues in land plants?
To supply water and fixed carbon products throughout the plant
52
What adaptations were necessary for plants to grow in air and soil mediums?
* Structural strength * Internal distribution of resources
53
What is the role of Glomeromycota in plant relationships?
Fungus penetration of root cell; enhances P, H2O, (N), and provides pathogen protection ## Footnote Glomeromycota includes approximately 200 species that are monophyletic and have not been observed to reproduce sexually.
54
What percentage of vascular plant species are associated with Glomeromycota?
80% ## Footnote This association is especially prevalent in graminoids, herbs, and shrubs.
55
What structures do Endomycorrhizae form within plant host cells?
Tree-like structures called arbuscules ## Footnote Endomycorrhizae are also referred to as 'Arbuscular' mycorrhizae.
56
Which fungal group predominates in Ectomycorrhizae?
Basidiomycota ## Footnote Ectomycorrhizae grow around the outsides of plant host cells and form an external root sheath.
57
What is the function of mycorrhizal external hyphae?
Act as a significant extension of the plant root system ## Footnote Many Basidiomycota also play a major role in decomposition and nutrient recycling.
58
What are some advantages driving selection pressures for land colonization?
Abundant light, CO2, O2, nutrients ## Footnote These advantages are contrasted by constraints like water availability and accessible nutrients being scarce on land.
59
What facilitated land colonization by plants?
Lichen-initiated development of soil organic matter and evolution of plant body structures ## Footnote Structures include roots, mycorrhizae, stems, leaves, epidermis, cuticle, stomata, xylem, and phloem.
60
What are lichens and mycorrhizae critical for?
The functioning of terrestrial ecosystems ## Footnote They were essential for the first colonization of land by ancestral aquatic organisms.
61
True or False: Symbioses have had a profound impact on the evolution of diversity.
True ## Footnote Symbioses occur at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and whole organismal levels.
62
What is one process by which new species are generated?
Formation of lichens ## Footnote This process occurs alongside classic Darwinian evolutionary diversification and horizontal gene transfer.
63
Fill in the blank: Endomycorrhizae have been found in early plant fossils dating back _______.
400 million years ## Footnote This indicates their long-standing relationship with plants.
64
Which two plant species are mentioned as parasitizing mycorrhizal hyphae?
Monotropa (Indian pipe) and Orthilia (Wintergreen) ## Footnote These species are found in North temperate forests.

Biol 200 (5 decks)

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