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Vertebrate Zoology > Midterm Lectures (1 - 5) > Flashcards

Midterm Lectures (1 - 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Megalodon

A
  • Emerged 20 mya, largest shark 18m.
  • Consumed broad range of prey, may have contributed to large size.
  • Extinction: End of Pliocene
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2
Q

Hybodus

A
  • 2m, 2 dorsal fins.
  • Teeth: upper, lower jaws.
  • Numerous rows of replacement teeth, abundance, regularly arranged teeth.
  • 1st appeared late Devonian
  • Extinction: Cretaceous palaeogene boundary
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3
Q

Greenland shark

A
  • Vision And Eyes: Small functioning eyes, almost all blind, parasitic crustaceans on corneas, destroying limited vision in process.
  • Flesh: Placoid scales, toxic high levels of trimethylamine.
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4
Q

Hammerhead Sharks

A
  • Lateral expansion of head
  • Head wing: Cephalofoil, increase maneuverability, energetic cost, increased visuals.
  • Holding breath: close gill slits at certain depths, conserves heat.
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5
Q

Where Are The Chordate Features?

A

1) Pharyngeal slits = gills / jaw
2) Endostyle = thyroid gland
3) Notochord = Vertebral column
4) Postanal tail = caudal tail
5) Nerve Cord = brain and spine

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6
Q

Early Tetrapods: Temnospondyls

A
  • Flat skulls
  • More robust limbs and girdles
  • some fully aquatic adults
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7
Q

Early Tetrapod: Icthyostega

A
  • Notochord extended into braincase
  • Dorsalventral flexion of vertebral column (function unknown)
  • Internal gills
  • Polydactyl feet (7 digits)
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8
Q

Early Tetrapds: Acanthostega

A
  • 4 footed, earliest group, late Devonian period
  • Branchial arches support internal gills
  • Notochord connects to skull
  • Dermal skull bones, Polydactyl feet (8) digits Pentadactyl chiridium (5 toe, each)
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9
Q

Endostyle (Phylum Chordata)

A
  • Glandular groove in floor of pharynx
  • Assist in filter feeding and iodine metabolism
  • Thyroid gland
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10
Q

Postanal Tail (Phylum Chordata)

A
  • Extension beyond anus
  • Elongates chordate locomotor apparatus
  • Allows for swimming movements
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11
Q

Cranium

A
  • Bone / Cartilage supporting sensory organs in head
  • Skull
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12
Q

Pharyngeal Slits (Phylum Chordata)

A
  • Series of pouches / arches
  • Part of digestive tract
  • Water flow one way: suspension feeding
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13
Q

Notochord (Phylum Chordata)

A
  • slender rod
  • tough sheath of fibrous tissue filled with cells and fluid.
  • For locomotion (side to side flexion)
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14
Q

Nerve Cord (Phylum Chordata)

A
  • Dorsal hollow nerve tube / cord
  • “Dorsal” to gut
  • “hollow”
  • surrounds neurocoele (fluid filled central canal)
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15
Q

Cephalochordata

A
  • Name comes from: head, notochord.
  • Notochord goes to the rostral tip of body.
  • Striated (striped) muscle cells arranged transversely (across) the body.
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16
Q

Tunicates (Urochordata)

A
  • Show all 5 chordate features at some point in life history.
  • Rudimentary heart and circulating blood cells, bag like.
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17
Q

Vertebrae

A

-series of bones / cartilage blocks joined as a backbone.
- with intervertebral disk / bodies
- compression pads

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18
Q

Centrum

A
  • encloses notochord / spinal cord.
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19
Q

Jawless Fish (Agnathans)

A
  • Muscularized pharynx: stream of water and food into mouth.
  • Before (Amphioxus)
  • Cilia to move mucous.
  • Now pairs of muscular tissue in buccal cavity, not cilia.
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20
Q

Ostracoderms

A
  • Head shield
  • 2 close set eyes
  • median nostril
  • likely inactive lifestyle: stirred up / drawn water into pharynx.
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21
Q

Myxinoidea: Hagfish

A
  • Jawless, but teeth.
  • Keratinized teeth bore into fish, don’t eat skin or bones.
  • Living Agnathan, Prominent notochord (gone in adults), no bone (no vertebrae)
  • Poor developed skull, median nostril, slime attack.
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22
Q

Petromyzontiformes Lampreys

A
  • Skull and vertebrae
  • Jawless w/ teeth
  • No bones or surface scales
  • Vertebral elements that are small and cartilaginous
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23
Q

Lampreys Part 2

A
  • Median Nostril
  • Notochord
  • Suspension feeding and ciliary tracts
  • True endostyle as young larvae
  • Gill openings, some have dorsal fins
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24
Q

Early Chordate

A
  • Notochord goes to rostral tip of body.
  • Striated (striped) muscle cells annoyed transversely (across) body.
  • No heart, lacks pulsations.
  • Heptic vein, ventral aorta, bulbils help pump colourless blood.
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25
Q

Forward Extension Of Gut (Cephalochordata)

A
  • Forerunner of liver and pancreas.
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26
Q

Endostyle Collects Iodine (Cephalochordata)

A
  • thyroid gland
  • (pharyngeal endocrine gland) in later vertebrates collects iodine.
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27
Q

Early Vertebrate Evolution

A
  • Suspension feeding
  • Muscular pump to produce water current 4 food.
  • Fins
  • Primitive vertebrae
  • Some jawless (agnathans)
  • Primitive cranium / skull
  • Not fully functioning teeth
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28
Q

Jaw Agnathans

A
  • Gills between internal and external branchial arches.
29
Q

Paired Fins

A
  • More active lifestyles require body enhancements.
30
Q

Jaws Gnathostomes

A
  • Jaws from enlarged internal branchial arch.
31
Q

Pectoral Fins

A
  • In the front half of the animal, projecting out of either side.
32
Q

Pelvic Fins

A
  • Ventrally, near reproductive organs.
33
Q

Origin Of Paired Fins: Gill Arch Theory

A
  • Paired fins and girdle (support) comes from gill arches.
  • Cannot explain pelvic fin emergence.
34
Q

Origin Of Paired Fins: Fin Fold Theory

A
  • Folds in skin
  • Continuous thickening
  • Primitive Ostracoderms (extinct Agnathans) show lateral, ventral folds
35
Q

Heterocercal Tail

A
  • Posterior end of vertebral column turns upwards into dorsal lobe.
  • Common in sharks, providing lift as they swim.
36
Q

Placoderms

A
  • Bony head Shield like Ostracoderms
  • Jawed, prominent notochord
  • Paired pectoral and pelvic fins
  • No evidence of vertebral column
  • Dominated Devonian and died out = only major vertebrate with no descendants.
37
Q

Transitional Fish: Panderichthys

A
  • Fossil: Panderichthys
  • Lobe fins, similar structures to Eusthenopteron
  • Flattened skull roof
  • eyes move upwards
38
Q

Spotted Salamander

A
  • Nocturnal
  • Forests near rivers / streams
  • Eat slugs, worms, millipedes, spiders
39
Q

Poison Dart Frog

A
  • Non toxic in captivity
  • Toxic qualities come from certain chemicals in food they eat.
    Formicine ants
  • other vertebrates
40
Q

Giant Salamander

A
  • Largest extent amphibian species
  • Central and southern china
  • entirely aquatic
  • streams and rivers
  • Breed in caves (males guard eggs)
41
Q

Axolotl

A
  • Urodela (Salamanders, newts)
  • One of the few tetrapods capable of regenerating complete limbs.
42
Q

Modern Amphibians

A
  • Arose within Labyrinththodont radiation from Temnospondyls
  • 200 MYA: jurassic period, 4000 + species
  • Eggs laid in water / moist areas
  • Eggs lack shells
43
Q

Modern Amphibians Frogs

A
  • Salientia - Anura: frogs
  • Triassic Period (mesozoic) appeared
  • Anurans - no trail (adult frog)
  • long hind legs, long tails
44
Q

Modern Amphibians Salamanders

A
  • Urodela Caudata: Salamanders
  • 1st appeared jurassic period
  • Aquatic forms: suction using jaw to gulp food
  • Terrestrial forms: long tongue
45
Q

Acanthodii (Extinct Bony Fish)

A
  • Rows of spines
  • streamlined, small (20 cm), could reach 2m
  • Covered in scales, (ganoid), Dermal bone exterior, extinct Permian area, Devonian Period
  • Large eyes, partially ossified internal skeleton
46
Q

Osteichthyes (Bony - Fish)

A
  • Largest class of vertebrates, 28,000 + species
  • Bones and cartilage
  • Swim bladder: single organ, used to control buoyancy in water
  • Terminal mouth, for prey / feeding mechanisms
47
Q

Actinopterygii (Ray Finned Fish)

A
  • Distinctive fins, slender bony rod
  • Fins supported by ossified lepidotrichia which is muscle within body wall, controls fin movement.
48
Q

Sturgeons (Palaeonisciformes)

A
  • Largest freshwater fish (8 m)
  • Filter feeders, no teeth.
  • Prominent notochord, almost completely cartilaginous, lack ganoid scales
  • Enlarged scales in rows alongside body.
49
Q

Palaeonisciformes

A
  • 50 cm, earliest bony fish, Ganoid scales
  • Notochord: Prominent support, ossified neural arch, continues into extended tail heterocercal
50
Q

Neopterygii

A
  • Early mesozoic
  • Increasingly ossified vertebrae replace notochord, homocercal tail swim bladder helps with lift.
  • Round / thinner scales = more active swimming
51
Q

Sarcopterygians (lobed - finned fish)

A
  • Early forms: Heterocercal tail becomes symmetrical, Diphycercal.
  • Paired fins w/ internal bony elements, 2 dorsal fins, living forms have rudimentary vertebral column, primitive forms had cosmic scales.
52
Q

Chimeras (Rat fish)

A
  • Absent scales
  • Upper jaw firmly fused to braincase
  • Gill openings not exposed
  • Operculum: exterior cover of gills
  • Pelvic clasper + cephalic clasper
53
Q

Modern Amphibians Caecilians

A
  • Gymnophiona - Apoda: Caecilians
  • worm like
  • no trace of limbs or girdles
  • “Apodans” no feet
  • reduced eyes
54
Q

Modern Amphibians Air Breathing

A
  • Respiration through skin: cutaneous respiration
  • lungs lost
55
Q

Transitional Fish: Eusthenopteron

A
  • Non tetrapod fish, late Devonian period
  • Lobefins, pectoral and pelvic appendages
  • Have bones above wrist / ankle
  • Rayfins connect to wrists / ankles
  • Girdles and limbs more completely ossified = stronger
56
Q

Transitional Fish: Jackpot

A
  • Large freshwater fish
  • Link between land and fish vertebrates
  • late devoniano period
57
Q

Tiktaalik

A
  • Covered in bony scales
  • flattened skull (eyes on top)
  • lost bony gill cover, large ribs
  • Dorsally positioned spiracle
  • Pectoral fins
58
Q

Early Tetrapods

A
  • Tetrapod = “4 footed”, includes loss of limbs (snakes), connection to H20.
  • Late Paleozoic era, Pangea formed.
  • Bony scales, some large (5m)
  • Aquatic and terrestrial
59
Q

Chondrichthyes Notochord

A
  • Primitive forms: Notochord provides axial support
  • Advanced forms: Notochord only constricted element enclosed in vertebral centra.
60
Q

Elasmobranchii (Sharks, Rays, Skates)

A
  • Sharks: gill slits (5 - 7), external, serrated pointed teeth. Young sharks replace teeth weekly.
  • Advanced sensory system, detect electrical impulses.
  • Rays And Skates: flat, disk shaped, elongated pectoral fins, reduced tail, spine in tail, electric
61
Q

Teleostomes

A
  • Large group
  • Acanthodians
  • Bony fish there tetrapod derivatives
62
Q

Polyphyletic

A
  • Origins in several different lines of descent.
63
Q

Angler Fish (200 + species)

A
  • Deep sea fish
  • Females have distinctive features
  • Dorsal spine, Bioluminescent rod that lures prey.
64
Q

Flying Fish

A
  • Propel themselves out of water
  • Extra wide pectoral fins (plane wings or kite) allows them to glide
  • Nearly 200 m distances
65
Q

Sunfish

A
  • Largest bony fish, heaviest recorded
  • Not real tail, expansion of dorsal and anal fin.
  • Often hangs sideways by surface, providing birds food (parasites).
66
Q

Dipnoi (Lung Fish)

A
  • Early fossil recorded
  • Devonian Period, Paleozoic era emergence w / sharks.
  • Skeletons mostly cartilage, prominent notochord
  • Secrete mucus, breathe through lungs, at low oxygen levels.
67
Q

Coelacanths (Actinistia)

A
  • Appeared: Middle Devonian, extinct Mesozoic era.
  • Living fossils found in Tanzania, Indonesia.
  • Prominent notochord, tiny vertebral elements./
  • Swim bladder filled w/ fat, helps w/ buoyancy.
68
Q

Rhipidistians

A
  • Class: Osteichthyes
  • Sub class: Saracopterygii
  • Give rise to tetrapods in Devonian period
  • Support: Notochord
  • Ossified Neural and hemal arches
  • Concentric centra: fusing of bone around notochord, strong support

Vertebrate Zoology (3 decks)

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