MIDTERM LEC: ANALYSIS & CHARACTERIZATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS & PROTEINS Flashcards

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1
Q

Set of techniques & methods used to study & understand the structure, function, interactions, & characteristics of nucleic acids & proteins in biological systems

A

NUCLEIC ACID/PROTEIN ANALYSIS

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2
Q

what are the methods for NUCLEIC ACID/PROTEIN ANALYSIS

A

A. Restriction Enzyme Mapping of DNA
B. CRISPR Enzyme Systems
C. Hybridization Technologies

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3
Q

• Involves restriction enzymes (endonucleases): type II is commonly used, with 4-6 bp recognition/restriction sites, or binding/cutting sites on DNA
▪ Used to identify the position of restriction sites in a DNA fragment in relation to each other
▪ Developed using small circular bacterial plasmids

A

RESTRICTION ENZYME MAPPING OF DNA

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4
Q

RESTRICTION ENZYME MAPPING OF DNA what type is commonly used???

A

type 2

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5
Q

Developed using small circular bacterial plasmids

A

RESTRICTION ENZYME MAPPING OF DNA

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6
Q

Restriction enzyme digestion of DNA fragment/region = pattern of fragments

A

Used to identify that DNA

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7
Q

▪ Resulting differences in the size/number of restriction fragments
▪ Useful in epidemiological studies
▪ The basis of the 1st molecular-based
human ID & mapping methods
▪ Clinical analysis of structural changes in chromosomes associated with disease

A

Restriction fragment length
polymorphisms (RFLPs)

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8
Q

RESTRICTION MAPPING USES/APPLICATIONS??

A

▪ Gives an idea of genome sequence
▪ Used to map genomes when sequence information is unknown
▪ Can be used to introduce primers for sequencing
▪ Used for ID & characterization of naturally-occurring plasmids & to engineer the construction of recombinant plasmids

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9
Q

▪ Found in archaea & bacteria
▪ Guides a common enzyme to specific sites determined by RNA components
▪ Useful for manipulation of both DNA sequence & RNA expression

A

CRISPR ENZYME SYSTEMS

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10
Q

CRISPRs MEANING?

A

CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS

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11
Q

▪ Protective system using the invading DNA to target itself
▪ Encodes an endonuclease: CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)

A

CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS (CRISPRs)

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12
Q

CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS (CRISPRs) Encodes an endonuclease:

A

CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)

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13
Q

CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS

Types:
Type 1 and 2 targets???

A

dsDNA

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14
Q

CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS

Types:
Type 3 targets??

A

ssDNA & RNA

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15
Q

Hybridization reaction that is used to analyze the nucleic acid content of an unknown sample

A

HYBRIDIZATION TECHNOLOGIES

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16
Q

formation of H bonds between 2 complementary strands of nucleic acids

A

Hybridization

17
Q

In hybridization technologies: 1 strand is unlabeled & 1 strand is labeled (with isotopes/ fluorescence) = _____

A

probes

18
Q

▪ ss fragment of nucleic acid(NA)/protein with a detectable signal that specifically binds to complementary sequences/ target protein
▪ Purpose: identify 1 or more sequences of interest within a large amount of NA

A

PROBES

19
Q

southern blot target???

A

DNA

20
Q

northern blot target???

A

RNA

21
Q

Western blot target??

A

Protein

22
Q

south western blot target???

A

protein

23
Q

eastern blot target???

A

protein

24
Q

far eastern blot target???

A

lipids

25
Q

southern blot probe???

A

nucleic acid

26
Q

Northern blot probe???

A

nucleic acid

27
Q

western blot probe??

A

protein

28
Q

South western blot probe???

A

DNA

29
Q

eastern blot probe??

A

Protein

30
Q

far easter blot probe??

A

none

31
Q

target NA has to contain the sequence of interest

A

In order the probe to bind

32
Q

Denaturation of dsDNA
probes before use:

A

❖ Heating the probe (95ºC, 10-15 min) in hybridization solution
❖ Treating with 50% formamide/2x SSC at a lower temperature for a shorter time (75ºC, 5-6 min)

33
Q

▪ Early methods: Fragment of gene was cloned on a bacterial plasmid 🡪 isolated by restriction enzyme digestion & gel purification 🡪 labeling & denaturation of fragment 🡪 applied to Southern/Northern blot
▪Isolation of sequence of interest from viral genomes
In vitro organic synthesis of a predetermined sequence 🡪 only for short, oligometric probes
▪ Synthesized using PCR

A

DNA PROBE

34
Q

RNA PROBES
Source: transcription from a synthetic DNA template in vitro
▪ Predesigned systems commercially available
▪ Southern blot: coding strand transcript
▪ Northern blot: antisense transcript ▪Labeled with a radioactive/modified
nucleotide for production of signal

A

RNA PROBE

35
Q

OTHER NA PROBE TYPES

Synthetic & resistant to nucleases:

A

peptide NA probes, locked NA probes, unlocked NA probes

36
Q

products of a generalized response to a specific antigen

A

Polyclonal antibodies