FINALS LEC: DNA POLYMORPHISM & HUMAN IDENTIFICATION Flashcards
Variations of DNA sequences (ranging from a single base pair to thousands of base pairs) that are shared by 1%-2% or more of a given population
POLYMORPHISM
Highly repeated sequences (6-8kbp in length), containing RNA polymerase promoters & open reading frames
Long interspersed nucleotide elements (LINES)
Highly repeated sequences approximately 0.3 kbp in length, including Alu elements
Short interspersed nucleotide elements (SINES)
Head-to-tail repeats of DNA sequences with <10-bp repeat units
Short tandem repeats (STRs)
Head-to-tail repeats in DNA with 10-50-bp repeat units
Variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs)
A sequence variation that results in creating, destroying, or moving a restriction site
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
are A.K.A. mobile elements/transposable elements/transposons
LINES & SINES
is used to form patterns by breaking down DNA
RFLP
Differences in sizes & number of fragments generated by restriction enzyme digestion of DNA
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)
RFLP typing in humans required the use of ____
Southern blot technique
Only the fragments with complementary sequences to a probe to the B region (top) can be visualized
>2,000 RFLP loci have been described in human DNA
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)
The uniqueness of the collection of
polymorphisms in each individual is the basis for human ID at the DNA level. t or f?
true
RFLP protocols for human ID:
▪ Sources of genomic DNA:
blood, saliva, or tissue
RFLP protocols for human ID:
North American Labs:
HaeIII restriction enzyme
RFLP protocols for human ID:
European labs:
HinfI restriction enzyme
Regulation of results from independent labs:
Standard Reference Material (SRM) DNA Profiling Standard for RFLP analysis (1992)
Polymorphisms can be used as landmarks/markers in the genome to determine the location of other genes
Genetic Mapping with RFLPs
More frequently a particular polymorphism is present in
persons with a disease phenotype = more likely an affected gene is located close to the polymorphism
Genetic Mapping with RFLPs
Inherited breast cancer:
RFLP location
BRCA1 gene
RFLP location:
17q21
BRCA1 gene:
mapped to this position
Fragment sizes of an individual are a combination of those from each parent
RFLP & PARENTAGE TESTING
alleles/fragment sizes of the child & the mother are analyzed
Paternity test
provide the remaining alleles/fragments (inclusion)
Alleged fathers (AFs)