MIDTERM LEC 1 Flashcards
● For routine HP techniques
● Gas produced by oxidation of methanol
● Usually buffered to pH 7 with phosphate buffer
Formaldehyde (formalin)
● Formalin diluted with 10% NaCl
● Saturated formaldehyde + 10% NaCl
● Traditionally, the most common fixative
● Recommended for CNS tissue and general post-mortem
tissues for histochemical examination
● ADV: Ideal for Silver impregnation staining technique
● DADV: Slower; Tissue shrinks during alcohol dehydration
[Remedy: Secondary fixation]
10% formol saline
● Formaldehyde + Na Dihydrogen Phosphate + Disodium hydrogen Phosphate
● pH7
● Best general tissue fixative
● Best for iron-containing pigments and elastic fibers which do
not stain well after Susa, Zenker or Chromate fixation,
● DADV: longer to prepare, inert to phospholipids and neutral
fats
● FT: 4- 24 hrs
10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF) or Phosphate Buffered Formalin
● Saturated aq. Mercuric chloride + 40% Formaldehyde
● Has HgCl2
● Recommended for routine post mortem tissues; Silver
Reticulum staining methods
FORMOL-SUBLIMATE/CORROSIVE
CHLORIDE)
● Has 95% ETOH, Picric acid, and GHAc
● ADV: good for microincineration techniques, fixes sputum
GENDRE’S (ALCOHOLIC FORMALIN)
● For gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, prostate biopsies, and bone marrow (BM)
HOLLANDE’S
● Made up of 2 formaldehyde resides linked by three carbon chains
● For enzyme histochemistry and electron microscopy
● Container must be refrigerated
GLUTARALDEHYDE
● For ultrathin and electron microscopy
Paraformaldehyde
● For ultrathin and electron microscopy
Paraformaldehyde
● Acrolein in glutaraldehyde or formalin
● Purpose: For Electron Histochemistry and Electron
Immunocytochemistry
KARNOVSKY’S PARAFORMALDEHYDE/GLUTARALDEHYDE
● ADV: no smudging of nuclei and distortion of staining compared with formalin
● DADV: reduced staining capacity [Remedy: increase staining time]
40% AQUEOUS GLYOXAL
● Most common metallic fixative
● Concentration: 5-7%
● Mostly incorporated in compound fixatives
● Routine fixative of choice for preservation of cell detail in tissue
photography
● Trichrome staining is excellent.
● ADV: penetrates and hardens tissue rapidly
MERCURIC CHLORIDE (HGCL2)
➔ HgCl2 + potassium dichromate + glacial acetic acid
➔ Good general fixative for adequate preservation of
all kinds of tissues
➔ Good for Trichrome staining
Zenker’s
➔ HgCl2 + potassium dichromate + strong formalin
(40%)
➔ For pituitary gland, BM, blood-containing organs, preserves cytoplasmic granules
➔ Brown pigments are removed with saturated alcoholic picric acid or NaOH
Zenker-formol/Helly’s
➔ HgCl2 + NaCl + TCA + glacial acetic acid + formalin
➔ Skin tumor biopsy
➔ ADV: minimum cell shrinkage and tissue hardening
due to counterbalance effect of acids and mercury:
Heidenhain Susa