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HISTOPATH > Lesson 1: THE HISTOPATHOLOGY LABORATORY > Flashcards

Lesson 1: THE HISTOPATHOLOGY LABORATORY Flashcards

1
Q

● Study of tissues affected by disease
● Useful in making a diagnosis and in determining the
severity and progress of a condition

A

Histopathology

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2
Q
A
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2
Q

Duration of specimen storage

A

at least 1-2 weeks

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3
Q

should be stored in the
lab forever

A

Autopsy specimen

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4
Q

obsolete, not often used nowadays

A

Fresh tissue examination

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5
Q

types of histopathologic process

A
  1. Tissue Processing
  2. Frozen Biopsy
  3. Special Staining
  4. Immunohistochemistry
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6
Q

supports the pathologist

A

Associate Pathologist

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6
Q

head of the laboratory

A

Pathologist

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6
Q

Includes all activities done in the laboratory in order to produce a suitable specimen side for viewing by the pathologist

A

Histoparhologic technique

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7
Q
  • Sections large and hollow organs to allow
    fixation
  • Examines the tissue sections, cytologic slides
    under the microscope
  • Monitors staff performance
  • Pinpoint problematic situations and find
    solutions
A

Pathologist and Assistant Pathologist

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7
Q
  • The medical technologist
  • Provides slides that are properly labeled,
    processed, stained, mounted, and
    sequenced
A

Histotechnologist/Histotechnician

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8
Q

Set of procedures or technical activities on fulfilling quality

A

quality control

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8
Q

● Set of coordinated activities to regulate a lab in order to continually improve its performance

● Skilled personnel

● Considers pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic
phase

A

quality management systems

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8
Q

tissue processing phase

A

Analytic

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9
Q

Numerically, alphabetically, or chronologically
arranged

A

Documents

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9
Q

● Ensuring that everything is right (test, time, specimen, patient, diagnosis, and price)
● Includes availability of reagents, supplies, preventive
maintenance and monitoring of equipment and
evaluation of the quality of services

A

quality assurance

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10
Q

what phase from receiving of specimen to encoding of patient information?

A

Pre-analytic

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11
Q

-AKA Necropsy; Thanatopsy

-Post-mortem examination of tissues

A

Autopsy

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11
Q
  • Determine cause of death and extent of injury
  • Uncovering existence of an undetected disease
A

Autopsy

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12
Q

reading of slides and final diagnosis

A

Post-analytic

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13
Q

autopsy purpose

A

Medical/Hospital
Medico-legal

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14
Q

autopsy completeness:

A

Partial
Complete

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15
Q
  • “en masse” removal of organs
    -All organs are removed at the same time, then
    dissected by blocks
A

LETULLE

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15
Q

autopsy MANNER OF INCISION

A

Y-shaped
Straight Cut (I-shaped)

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15
Q

-“en bloc” removal
-Organs of same group/cavity/region are removed
at the same time

A

GHON

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16
Q

-One by one removal of organs
-MOST WIDELY USED

A

VIRCHOW

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17
Q

“In situ” (in place) dissection, followed by en bloc removal

A

ROKITANSKY

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17
Q

Written or informed consent from the legal next-of-kin
- Order of priority:

A

spouse, adult child, either parent, adult sibling, grandparent, guardian

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18
Q

a public official who is empowered to order
an inquest into the manner or cause of death

A

Coroner

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19
Q

comes from German word “leichendiener”
meaning “servant of the dead”; assists during autopsy, and assumes many and varied responsibilities in the autopsy laboratory

A

Diener

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19
Q

: pathologist who performs the dissection

A

Prosector

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20
Q

For skin; uses circular blade to obtain deeper skin sample that removes a short cylindrical core of
tissue (“apple core”)

A

PUNCH

20
Q

Organ block removed from the body cavity should be thoroughly washed of blood using ______ to minimize the blood staining of organs.

A

cool or cold water

20
Q

Organ blocks are placed in a large enameled pot
containing fixative, filled to about _____.

A

⅓ capacity

20
Q

-Ante-mortem examination of tissues (ante=before;
mortem=death)
-Examination of tissue sample from the living

A

biopsy

21
Q

Simplest, LEAST INVASIVE

Uses very thin needle attached to syringe to take out small amount of fluid and tissue from area

A

FINE NEEDLE
ASPIRATION (FNA)

22
Q

Uses slightly larger needle

Remove small column of tissue (1/16 inch in
diameter, ½ inch long)

A

CORE NEEDLE

23
Q

Surgical; small part of a large lesion or tumor is
taken

A

INCISIONAL

23
Q

Surgical; entire affected area is taken

A

EXCISIONAL

24
Q

Tissues are removed from body cavity (or canals) using a curette (instrument with a tip shaped like a small scoop or hook)

A

CURETTAGE

24
Q

For skin; small fragments of out layers of skin are “shaved” or scraped

A

SHAVE

24
Q

Allows examination of cells in their living state

A

fresh tissue examination

25
Q

methods of examination of biopsy specimens

A
  1. Fresh
  2. Preserved
26
Q

● AKA Dissociation
● Selected tissue is immersed in petri dish/watch glass
containing isotonic solution, and then carefully
dissected and separated using needle or applicated
stick

A

teasing

26
Q

● Method depends on nature of material to be examined
● Useful for cytological examinations

A

Smear

26
Q

● AKA Crushing
● Small pieces of tissue with diameter <1mm are compressed between two slides
● May be stained using supravital dye

A

squash preperation

27
Q

Rapid, but gentle zigzag application of the material throughout slide

A

Streaking

27
Q

Material is gently spread onto the slide, and the mucus strands are teased apart using an application stick

A

Spreading

28
Q

● A drop of the material is placed into a clean slide and covered with another clean slide. Material is allowed to disperse evenly.
● Slides are then pulled apart with a single,
uninterrupted
movement in opposite
directions

A

Pull-apart

29
Q

● AKA Impression Smear
● Surface of a freshly cut tissue is pressed to a clean slide
● For Phase-Contrast Microscopy
● ADVANTAGE: Maintains intracellular
relationships

A

Touch Prep

30
Q

END GOAL: produce a tissue section of good quality that allows for adequate interpretation of microscopic cellular changes for diagnosis

A

fixed tissue examination

31
Q

Wax is heated at ___ in the embedding
machine

A

60C

31
Q

what instruments used in Automated tissue processor (FDCI)

A

● Paraffin oven
● Embedding center
● Refrigerator

32
Q

For producing tissue ribbons or sections

A

microtome

32
Q

Temperature
Refrigerator: ___
Freezer: ____

A

40C
20C

32
Q

For tissue and cell visualization

A

microscope

33
Q

microtome MAIN PARTS

A

a. Block Holder
b. Knife Holder
c. Pawl and Feedwheel Mechanism

34
Q

KINDS OF MICROTOME

A

Rotary
cryostat
Sliding
Freezing
Rocking
Ultrathin

35
Q

MOST COMMONLY USED; for routine and
serial (continuous) sections; knife is stationary

A

Rotary

36
Q

Rotary
- Thickness: ____ micrometers
- Inventor: ____
- Microscope:____
- Embedding material: ____

A

3-5
Minot
Light Microscope
Paraffin

36
Q

invented by Queckette (1848)

A

Freezing

37
Q

consists of a microtome (usually rotary), kept inside a cold chamber maintained at -5C to -30C (avg: -20C); capable of freezing fresh tissues, thus
used for STAT diagnosis

A

Cryostat

38
Q

SIMPLEST type of microtome

A

Rocking

38
Q

knife is moving
- Inventor: _____(1783)
- Types: ____,____

A

-SLIDING
-Addams
-Base-Sledge and Standard Sliding

39
Q

60-100 nm thickness of tissue
- Mostly used for tissues embedded in epoxy resin

A

Ultrathin

40
Q

● Best for antigen preservation
● Used in epitope retrieval for immunohistochemistry
● Used in speeding up procedures
● Agitation and heating will increased fixation rate

A

Microwave oven

41
Q

In situ hybridization and enzyme reactions

A

Incubator Oven

42
Q

Incubator Oven
Thermal Requirements: ___

A

37C

43
Q

Eliminate the need for the laborious manual staining

A

automated stainers

44
Q

Removing water collected during sectioning (water
from flotation bath)

A

slide dryers

45
Q

slide dryers
Thermal requirement:

A

5-10C HIGHER than the
melting point of paraffin

46
Q

● Fishing out of tissue section; keeps sections from wrinkling
● Has “black” interior, for easy visualization of sections

A

floatation bath

47
Q

floatation bath
Thermal requirement:

A

5-10C LOWER than the
melting point of paraffin

48
Q

System designed for paraffin embedding

A

embedding centers

49
Q

embedding centers
Thermal requirement:

A

2-4C HIGHER than the
melting point of the paraffin

49
Q

Most common embedding centers

A

Paper Boat

50
Q

buried for religious purposes

A

LIMBS and FETUSES

51
Q

May be evidences for crime

A

BULLETS, BREAST IMPLANTS, and FOREIGN BODIES

HISTOPATH (4 decks)

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