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BIOS385 > Midterm Lab Practicum > Flashcards

Midterm Lab Practicum Flashcards

1
Q
A

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

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2
Q
A

Entamoeba histolytica cysts

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3
Q

What is the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Cyst –> Excystation in small intestine –> metacystic amoeba

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4
Q

When is the infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Cyst stage

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5
Q

Where are Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites found?

A

Large intestine and invade mucosa

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6
Q

How do you get infected with Entamoeba histolytica ?

A

Drinking fecal contaminated water

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7
Q

What is distribution of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Worldwide distribution, but most common in tropical and subtropical areas

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8
Q

What is the source of Entamoeba histolytica?

A 
Contaminated water, laundry, etc
Contaminated food (vegetables, soil)
Mechanical contamination (medical equipment)
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9
Q

What is pathology of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Trophozoites adhere to epithelium –> forming an ulcer
Colitis (inflammation of colonic wall)
Liver lesions / abcess

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10
Q

Symptoms of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Diahrrea, dysentery, cramps, vomiting, malaise, abdominal discomfort

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11
Q

How do you diagnose Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Microscopy of pus or aspirate, stool examination

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12
Q

What is prognosis of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

90% recovery after treatment –> Metronidazole (10-25 mg/kg, PO,
bid x 1 wk)

Body will repair itself but repaired
connective tissue in bowel will not
function.

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13
Q
A

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

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14
Q
A

Entamoeba histolytica cyst

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15
Q

What is life cycle of Entamoeba coli?

A

Life cycle and location identical to Entamoeba histolytica

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16
Q

Is Entamoeba coli pathogenic?

A

No –> feeds on bacteria; does not invade tissue

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17
Q

Which is E. coli and which is E. histolytica?

A

Top –> E. coli

Bottom –> E. histolytica

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18
Q
A

Entamoeba coli cysts

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19
Q

How can you prevent Entamoeba infections?

A

1.Boil drinking water
2. Wash fruits and vegetables in clean water before eating
3. Detection and treatment of carriers and prohibit them
from food handling
4. Health education

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20
Q

What are the two main diseases Trypanosoma spp cause?

A

Sleeping sickness, Chaga’s dz

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21
Q

What is the main dz Plasmodium spp cause?

A

Malaria

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22
Q
A

Trypanosoma spp.:
•Sleeping sickness
•Chagas disease

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23
Q
A

Plasmodium spp.

•Malaria

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24
Q
A
  • Leishmania spp.

* Leishmaniasi

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25
Q
A

Trichomonas spp.

•Trichomoniasis

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26
Q
A

Giardia spp.

•Giardiasis

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27
Q

What kind of hosts and vectors do Trypanosoma spp have?

A

vertebrate host and

invertebrate vector

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28
Q 
Trypanosomiasis, African 
Sleeping sickness (African, Old World)
A
  • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
  • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
  • Trypanosoma brucei brucei (cattle)
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29
Q

Trypanosome life cycle

A

Tstese fly takes blood meal –> injects trypomastigotes into human blood stream –> Trypomastiogotes multiply via binary fission –> fly takes blood meal

(cycle repeats)

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30
Q

Diagnosis of Trypanosomiasis

A

Detection and evidence in blood

Antibody detection

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31
Q

What trypanosome causes Chagas disease?

A

•Trypanosoma cruzi

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32
Q

Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Kissing bug takes blood meal –> trypomastigotes enter human bloodstream –> amastiogotes multiply via binary fission in infected tissues –> amastiogotes transform into trypomastiogotes –> Kissing bug takes blood meal

(cycle repeats)

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33
Q
A

Trypanosoma

Amastigote pseudocyst in cardiac muscle

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34
Q

How is Chaga’s disease diagnosed?

A

Finding of trypomastigotes in circulating blood or cerebral spinal
fluid (Acute)
Serology
Molecular detection

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35
Q

Prevention of African Trypanosomiasis

A

•Control of tsetse fly population (most important preventive measure) by wide spraying of insecticides, traps and baits impregnated with
insecticides.
•No vaccine is available.

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36
Q

Prevention of American Trypanosomiasis

A

•Application of insecticide to control the vector bug.
•Personal protection using insect repellant and mosquito net.
•Improvement in rural housing and environment to eliminate breeding
places of bugs.

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37
Q

What does Leishmania spp cause?

A

Causes visceral, mucocutaneous, and
cutaneous leishmaniasis in dogs,
people, and other animals

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38
Q

What is Leishmania transmitted by?

A

primarily by sandflies (vector)

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39
Q

Which are Leishmania and which are Trypanosoma?

A

Left –> Leishmania

Right –> Trypanosoma

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40
Q

Leishmania life cycle

A

Sandfly takes blood meal –> promastigotes are phagocytized –> transform into amastiogotes –> multiply and infect other cells –> sandfly takes blood meal –> ingestion of parasatized cell –> amastiogotes transform into promastiogotes in the gut

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41
Q

Leishmania symptoms

A

Some people have a silent infection, without any symptoms or
signs.
•After the initial bite from an infected sandfly, symptoms evident
as quick as 10 days, and up to a year.
•Usually is two to four months. `

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42
Q

Leishmania diagnosis

A

LD bodies, culture, molecular diagnosis

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43
Q

Prvention of Leishmania

A

Use of insect repellants, spraying of insecticides and screening are advisable.
•Forest workers should use protective clothing and other protective measures.

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44
Q
A

Giardia duodenalis

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45
Q

Giardia life cycle

A
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46
Q
A

Giardiasis

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47
Q

Giardiasis Diagnosis

A
  • Stool examination
  • Serology
  • Molecular detection
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48
Q

Giardiasis Prevention

A

•Proper disposal of waste water and feces.
•Practice of personal hygiene like handwashing before eating and
proper disposal of diapers.
•Prevention of food and water contamination.
•Community chlorination of water is ineffective for inactivating cysts.
•Boiling of water and filtration by membrane filters

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49
Q

What does Trichomonas vaginalis cause?

A

vaginitis in women

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50
Q

How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?

A

•Transmitted by sexual intercourse, with men playing the role of
asymptomatic carrier.

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51
Q

Trichomoniasis life cycle

A

Trophozoite in vaginal secretion –> multiplies by binary fission –> trophozoite in vagina/urethra

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52
Q
A

Trichomoniasis

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53
Q

Diagnosis of Trichomoniasis

A 
symptoms, 
•wet mount, 
•permanent stain, 
•culture, 
•serology, 
•molecular diagnosis
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54
Q

Prevention of Trichomoniasis

A
  • Avoidance of sexual contact with infected partners

* use of barrier method during intercourse

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55
Q

Apicomplexa

A

Parasites of cells: Intracellular

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56
Q

What spp causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium

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57
Q

What is malaria vector?

A

Mosquitos

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58
Q

Malaria life cycle

A

Transmission to human –> sprozoites enter liver –> mitotic replication –> cell ruptures –> transmission to mosquito –> sporozoites develop

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59
Q

Where do sporozoites and merozoites of malaria come from?

A
  1. Sporozoites injected by mosquito bite
  2. Reach the liver (damage the cells, multiply asexually and come back into the blood stream)
  3. Merozoites reach the RBC and transform in Trophozoite
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60
Q
A

Malaria –> Merozoites inside RBC

61
Q
A

Malaria trophozoite inside RBC

62
Q
A

Plasmodium vivax

63
Q
A

P. vivax gametocytes

64
Q
A

P. vivax schizonts

65
Q
A

Malaria sporozoite

66
Q

Symptoms of Malaria

A

Fever, nausea, vomitting, anemia and jaundice, kidney failure, death

67
Q

Malaria diagnosis

A

Microscopic evidence
Blood smear-stained with Giemsa or Wright
Molecular diagnosis-PCR (spp. specific)
Antibody detection
Antigen detection

68
Q

Malaria prevention

A 
Full body clothing 
Sleeping in insecticide-covered  
mosquito nets 
Using insect sprays 
Empty out water collections  
(Anopheles spp. Lay their  
eggs in small collections of  
water)
69
Q

Where is Eimeria found?

A

In digestive tracts of herbivores or carnivores causing diarrhoeal
disease

70
Q

Three stages of coccidosis life cycle

A
  1. Sporulation: sporulated oocyst formation (IS)
    Oocyst enclosing sporocyst, each containing sporozoites
  2. Infection and merogony (schizogony) (Asexual reproduction): meront
    (schizont) formation, containing merozoites
  3. Gametogony and oocyst formation (Sexual reproduction)
71
Q
A

Eimeria / coccidiosis

72
Q
A

Eimeria / coccidiosis

73
Q

Coccidiosis symptoms

A

Diarrhea (chronic-acute)
Bloody diarrhea, tenesmus
Recurrent episodes of illness in successive populations of
domestic and wild animals
In calves: besides intestinal manifestation, nervous coccidiosis
(convulsions, nystagmus, blindness, death)
Infection could remain inapparent, but oocysts may be shed for
several weeks or months

74
Q

Coccidiosis diagnosis

A

Identification if oocyst in host’s feces

Gross and microscopic lesions in DT

Demonstration of sexual and asexual life stages in smear or histologic
techniques.

75
Q

Coccidosis prevention

A

Cleaning of the facilities regularly
Ensuring good water quality and food
Drying and exposure to sunlight aids in the die-off of oocysts

76
Q
A

Comparison

77
Q
A

Early stage trophozoites

78
Q

What does Helminth mean?

A

General term meaning worm

79
Q

Trematodes

A

Flukes, flatworms

80
Q

Cestodes

A

Tapeworms

81
Q

Nematodes

A

Roundworms

82
Q

Trematode general life cycle

A

Eggs –> Miracidium –> Redia –> Sporocyst –> Cecaria –> Metacercaria –> adult

83
Q

What are the hosts of trematodes?

A

1st intermediate host –> gastropod (snail)

Definitive host –> always a vertebrate

84
Q

Fasciola hepatica

A

Sheep liver fluke

85
Q

What is definitive host of Fasciola hepatica ?

A

sheep, but also found in biliary tract in human

86
Q
A

Fasciola hepatica

87
Q
A

Fasiola hepatica egg

88
Q
A

Fasciola hepatica adult

89
Q

Fasciola spp life cycle

A

Eggs passed in feces –> eggs embryonated in water –> miracidia hatch from eggs –> go to snail IH –> Sporocyste –> rediae –> cercariae –> cercaria go on aquatic vegitation –> ingested by DH –> flukes excyst and migrate

90
Q

Fasciola hepatica pathogenesis

A 
Mechanical damage
Severe inflammatory response 
fever, pain, eosinophilia, hepatomegaly 
biliary obstruction, cirrhosis, jaundice, 
cholelithiasis, anemia
91
Q

Fasciola hepatica diagnosus

A

Stool microscopy, bloodsmear

92
Q

Fasciola hepatica Prevention and control

A 
Health education 
Control of snails
Proper disposal of feces 
Proper disinfection of watercresses and other vegetations 
before consumption.
93
Q

Paragonimus westermani

A

Oriental lung fluke

94
Q

What is intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani?

A

Crab or crayfish

95
Q

Paragonimus westermani life cycle

A
  • ->1DH, 2 IH
  • ->DH: human, and crab-eating mammals
  • ->1st IH: freshwater snail Semisulcospira and Brotia genus
  • ->2nd IH: freshwater crab or crayfish
  • ->Infective form: metacercariae encysted in crab or crayfish
  • ->Mode of infection: ingestion of metacercariae
96
Q
A

Paragonimus westermani Morphology

97
Q

Paragonimus westermani Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

A

–>Pulmonary features: lies in cystic spaces by fibrous capsule
–>In communication with bronchi
–>Inflammation -> peribronchial lesions, abscesses, eosinophilia.
–>Cough, chest pain, hemoptysis. Sputum with
eggs
–>Extrapulmonary features:
–>Abdominal paragonimiasis
–>Cerebral paragonimiasis

98
Q

Paragonimus westermani Diagnosis

A
  • ->Microscopy: demonstration of the eggs in sputum or feces
  • ->Serology
  • ->Imaging (chest X-ray)
99
Q

Paragonimus westermani Prevention and control

A 
-->Adequate cooking of crabs and crayfish and washing the hands 
after preparing them for food. 
-->Treatment of infected persons. 
-->Disinfection of sputum and feces. 
-->Eradication of molluscan hosts.
100
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

A

Oriental liver fluke

101
Q

Clonorchis sinensis distribution

A

Asia

102
Q

What dies Clonorchis sinensis cause?

A

hepatic dz –> classified as carcinogenic

103
Q
A

Clonorchis sinensis

104
Q
A

Clonorchis sinensis

105
Q

Clonorchis sinensis Morphology

A
106
Q

Clonorchis sinensis Life cycle

A

–>1 DH, 2 IH
–>DH: humans, dogs, and other fish-eating canines act as
reservoir host
–>1st IH: snail
–>2nd IH: freshwater fish
–>Infective form: metacercaria larva in freshwater fish
–>Mode of infection: by eating undercooked fish carrying
metacercaria

107
Q

Clonorchis sinensis Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

A

–>Many asymptomatic infections
–>Damage and inflammatory response due to migration of the
larva up the bile duct
–>Cholangitis by obstruction
–>Fever, epigastric pain, diarrhea,
hepatomegaly, jaundice
Chronic:
Calculus formation
Cirrhosis
Cholangiocarcinoma

108
Q

Clonorchis sinensis Diagnosis

A
  • ->Microscopy: eggs in feces or aspirated bile
  • ->Serological test
  • ->Imaging: US, X-ray
109
Q

Clonorchis sinensis Prevention and control

A
  • ->Proper cooking of fish
  • ->Proper disposal of feces
  • ->Control of snails
110
Q

Cestodes

A

Tapeworms

111
Q

Cestodes Key Concepts

A

Tape-like body; no body cavity or alimentary canal: absorb their
nutrients through their tegument.

112
Q

Where are cestode proglottids formed from?

A

Formed in the neck –> most distal segments are filled with embryonated eggs

113
Q
A

Pseudophylidae

114
Q
A

Cyclophylidae

115
Q

Cestodes

General Life Cycle

A

–>Requires 1 to 3 hosts
–>Both aquatic and terrestrial cycles
–>Generally, invertebrate/vertebrate first intermediate host, and
second/definitive vertebrate hosts
–>Accidental hosts present
–>First larval stage: Oncosphere
–>Second and third larval stage: different names depending on
the Order

116
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

A

“Fish tapeworm”, “broad tapeworm”

117
Q

What is IH of Diphyllobothrium latum

A

cyclops and freshwater fish

118
Q
A

Diphyllobothrium latum

119
Q

Morphology

A

Diphyllobothrium latum
–>Adult: up to 10 meters long (strobila with 3,000-4,000 proglottids)
–>Fertilized eggs develop in uterus and are discharged through
the uterine pore

120
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

Life cycle

A

• DH: human, dog, cat and other fish-eating mammals
• 1st IH: freshwater copepod (Cyclops or Diaptomus)
• 2nd IH: freshwater fish
• Infective form: third stage larva (plerocercoid)
• Mode of infection: ingestion of raw or undercooked fish
containing plerocercoid larva

121
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

Pathogenicity and Clinical Features

A

–>Depends on the mass of the worm
–>Infection could be asymptomatic
–>Mechanical obstruction
–>Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea,
weakness, weight loss, anemia
–>Strands of proglottids passed in feces
–>Vitamin B12 deficiency

122
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

Diagnosis

A
  • ->Stool microscopy looking for eggs and proglottids

- ->Serodiagnosis: coproantigen detection test

123
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

Prevention

A
  • ->Proper cooking of fish
  • ->Deep freezing of fish if it is to be consumed raw
  • ->Prevention of fecal pollution of natural waters
  • ->Periodical deworming of pet dogs and cats
124
Q

Echinococcus spp.

A

“Dog tapeworm”, “hydatid worm”

125
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

Key Concepts

A

• Causes hydatid cyst in human
• Small, compared with other cestodes
• Larval form is called hydatid cyst
(filled with fluid)

126
Q

Echinococcus multilocularisKey Concepts

A 
• Causes alveolar or multilocular hydatid
disease in human
• DH: foxes, dogs and cats
• Rodents are the main IH
• Liver is the most common location
• Pain, obstructive jaundice
• Surgery resection, and tx with 
albendazole
127
Q
A

Echinococcus granulosus

128
Q
A

Echinococcus granulosus

129
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

Life cycle

A

• DH: dog, wolf, fox…
• IH: sheep and cattle
• Human acts as an accidental intermediate host
• Human gets infection after ingestion of the eggs: handlimg infected
dogs, or by eating raw vegetables or other contaminated food

130
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

Pathogenicity and Clinical Features

A
  • Most of the cases, asymptomatic
  • Pressure effect by enlarging cyst
  • Hepatomegaly, pain, obstructive jaundice
  • Lung, kidney, and even cerebral locations
131
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

Diagnosis

A 
• Imaging
• CT
• US
• MRI
• Ex. of the cyst fluid looking 
for \_\_\_\_\_ (lung, kidney)
• Serodiagnosis
• Molecular diagnosis
132
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

Prevention

A

–>Ensuring pet dogs do not eat animal carcass or offal
–>Periodical deworming of pet dogs
–>Personal hygiene after touching dogs
–>Alveolar echinococcosis can be prevented by avoiding
contact with wild animals such as foxes, coyotes, and dogs and
their fecal matter and by limiting the interactions between dogs
and rodent populations.

133
Q

Taenia spp.

A

“Beef tapeworm”, “pork tapeworm”

134
Q

Taeniasis

Key points

A

–>Human is DH for T. solium (pork tapeworm) and T. saginata (beef
tapeworm)
–>Taenia multiceps
DH: dog, wolf, fox
IH: herbivores
Human acts as an accidental host (ingestion of food contaminated with
dog feces with eggs
–>Larval stage is called coenurus, located in the CNS causing neurological
disorders
–>T. solium larval stage called cysticercus, cause cysticercosis in
humans

135
Q
A

Taenia spp.

136
Q
A

Taenia spp.

137
Q
A

Taenia spp.

138
Q

Taenia solium and T. saginata

Distribution and location

A
  • ->Worldwide (religion, vegetarians)

- ->Adults are in small intestine

139
Q

Taenia solium and T. saginata

Life cycle

A
  • DH: human
  • IH: pig or cow
  • Infective stage: cysticercus and eggs
140
Q

Taenia solium and T. saginata Life cycle

A
141
Q

Taenia solium and T. saginata

Pathogenicity and Clinical Features

A

• Intestinal taeniasis (both): surprisingly, little inconvenience. If
symptomatic, digestive.
• Cysticercocis:
• Any organ or tissue
• Inflammatory response, fibrosis, death of the larva and calcification.
• Subcutaneous nodules (asymptomatic)
• Muscular cys.: myositis
• Neurocysticercosis: epilepsy, intracranial tension, psychiatric
disturbances, behavioral disorders
• Ocular cys.: blurred vision, loss of vision, uveitis, iritis, conjunctivitis.

142
Q

Taenia spp.

Prevention

A
  • ->Inspection for cysticerci in slaughterhouse in beef and pork
  • ->Avoidance of eating raw or undercooked meat (56C x 5 min)
  • ->Proper disposal of feces
  • ->Detection and treatment of persons harboring adult worm
143
Q

Acanthocephala

A

Thorny headed worms

144
Q

Hosts of Acanthocephala

A

DH: vertebrates
IH: arthropods

145
Q

Acanthocephala Life cycle

A
  • Indirect: aquatic or terrestrial arthropod as IH

* Egg -> Acanthor -> Acanthela -> Cystacanth -> adult

146
Q

Morphology of Acanthocephala

A

Top section –> Probiscus
Middle section –> neck
Bottom section –> Trunk

147
Q
A

Acanthocephala

148
Q

Moniliformis moniliformis

A
  • DH: rodents, carnivores

* IH: various beetles and cockroaches

149
Q

Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus

A
  • DH: pigs, wild boar

* IH: various dung beetles and water beetles

BIOS385 (2 decks)

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