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BIOS385 > Final Lab Practical > Flashcards

Final Lab Practical Flashcards

1
Q

What parasites are in Phylum Nemata?

A

Roundworms

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2
Q

What are nematodes?

A

Roundworms

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3
Q

What is the kingdom and phylum of nemata?

A

Kingdom –> Animalia (metazoa)

Phylum –> Nemathelminthes

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4
Q

Nematode shape

A

Elongated, cylindrical,

unsegmented

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5
Q

Nematode head end

A 
Hooks and sucker 
absent. Well-
developed buccal 
capsule with teeth or 
cutting plates seen in 
some species
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6
Q

Nematode alimentary canal

A

Complete with anus

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7
Q

Nematode body cavity

A

Present. Viscera
remains suspended in
the pseudocele

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8
Q

Nematode sex classifications

A

Separate (diecious)

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9
Q

Nematode life cycle

A

Monoxenous (except
filarial worms and
Dracunculus spp.

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10
Q

What is this picture depicting?

A

Nematode digestive, excretory, and nervous system

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11
Q

Female vs male reproductive system in nematodes

A
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12
Q

Didelphic female vs monodelphic female nematode

A
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13
Q

Nematode life cycle

A

Egg –> L1 + M1 –> L2 + M2 –> L3 + M3 –> L4 + M4 –> Adult

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14
Q

Nematode life cycle from larvae

A

Larvae –> free in blood and lymph –> develop in bloodsucking diptera

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15
Q

What does Onchocerca volvulus cause?

A

Onchocerciasis or “river blindness”

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16
Q

What is Onchocerca volvulus transmitted through?

A

Transmitted to humans through exposure to repeated bites of

infected blackflies of the genus Simulium.

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17
Q

What are symptoms of river blindness?

A

Symptoms include severe itching, disfiguring skin conditions,
and visual impairment, including permanent blindness.

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18
Q

What is the female worm of Onchocerca volvulus?

A

Female worm is viviparous

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19
Q

Onchocerca volvulus Epidemiology

A
  • Venezuela
  • Brazil
  • Nigeria
  • Sudan
  • Ethiopia
  • Uganda
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20
Q

DH, IH, and infective stage of Onchocerca volvulus

A

DH: humans

IH: females of black flies (Simulium spp.)

Infective stage: third-stage filariform larva

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21
Q

Location of adult Onchocerca volvulus

A

in nodules in subcutaneous connective tissue

of infected persons (lifespan: 15 years).

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22
Q

Mode of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus

A

black flies deposit larvae in the skin while

biting

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23
Q

Adult morphology of Onchocerca volvulus

A

Adult:
–> Whitish, with transverse striations on the
cuticle

–> Posterior end is curved (“curved tail”)

–>Male is smaller

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24
Q

What nematode is this?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

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25
Q

Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae morphology

A

Microfilaria:

  • -> Unsheathed
  • -> `Non-periodic
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26
Q

Skin manifestation of Onchocerca volvulus

Clinical features

A

–> Due to inflammatory response around the worm (adult and
microfilariae)

–> Pruritus, dermatitis, onchocercoma (subcutaneous nodules), and
lymphadenopathies

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27
Q

Ocular manifestation of Onchocerca volvulus

Clinical features

A
  • -> Photophobia, gradual blurring of vision

- -> Total blindness.

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28
Q

Onchocerca volvulus Diagnosis

A

Microscopy:

  • -> Presence of microfilariae in skin snips
  • -> Presence of adults in biopsy specimens of skin nodules.

Serology

Molecular diagnosis
(PCR from skin snips)

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29
Q

Onchocerca volvulus Treatment

A

–> Ivermectin: at least once yearly for 10 to 15 years (150 ug/kg).

–> Surgical excision of nodules when occur in head

–> Anti-endosymbiont of filarial parasites

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30
Q

Onchocerca volvulus Prevention

A

–> Treatment of infected patients (mass drug administration of the
medicine Mectizan ®)

–> In 1974, WHO launched a control program using larvicide for
vector control (spraying of insecticides by helicopters and
airplanes)

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31
Q

Onchocerca cervicalis

A

Found in nuchal ligament (adults), skin, and ocular tissues in horses

IH: Culicoides spp.

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32
Q

Onchocerca lupi

A

Found in ocular tissue in dogs, with associated lesions and
inflammatory response

Also reported in cats, zoonotic

IH: unknown

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33
Q

What does Wuchereria bancrofti cause?

A

Lymphatic Filariasis

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34
Q

How is Wuchereria bancrofti spread?

A

Is spread from person to person by mosquitoes

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35
Q

Where does Wuchereria bancrofti live?

A

The adult worms live in the human lymph system for many

years, leading to lymphatic dysfunction

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36
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti lymphatic impairment

A

leads to painful, disabling, and social-

stigmatized deformities of limbs, scrotum or breast.

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37
Q

DH, IH, and infective stage of Wuchereria bancrofti

A

DH: human

IH: Culex spp. mosquitoes

Infective stage: third-stage filariform larva

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38
Q

Mode of transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti

A

by bite of mosquito carrying filariform larva

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39
Q

Location of Wuchereria bancrofti adults and microfilariae

A

Location of adult
–> lymphatic system.

Microfilariae –> found in blood.

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40
Q

Life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti

A
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41
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti Morphology

A

Whitish, thread-like shape

• Males: up to 40 mm long
• Females: 80-100 mm
long

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42
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti Microfilaria Morphology

A
  • Sheathed
  • Periodic in peripheral blood
  • Biting habits of vector
  • Sleeping habits of host
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43
Q

Which is O. volvulus and which is W. bancrofti?

A

Left –> W. bancrofti

Right –> O. volvulus

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44
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti Clinical features

A

• Mechanical factors + inflammatory response

• Chronic response: granuloma formation, calcification, blockage
of lymphatic drainage

  • Lymphadenitis, lymphedema, lymphangiovarix
  • Hydrocele
  • Lymphorrhagia: chylous urine, chylous diarrhea, chylotorax
  • Elephantiasis
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45
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti Diagnosis

A

Demonstration of microfilaria in blood, chylous urine, exudate of
lymph and hydrocele fluid

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46
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti Treatment

A

• Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) PO 6 mg/kg x 12d (allergic
reactions)

  • Mass therapy
  • Ivermectin (no effect over adults)
  • Doxycycline (targeting Wolbachia)
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47
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti Prevention

A
  1. Eradication of the vector mosquito

2. Detection and treatment of carriers

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48
Q

Another name for Necator americanus

A

American Hookworm

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49
Q

Another name for Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Intestinal Hookworm

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50
Q

What disease does Ascaris lumbricoides cause?

A

Ascariasis

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51
Q

What does Enterobius vermicularis cause?

A

Enterobiasis or Pinworm Infection

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52
Q

What does Trichuris trichiura cause and what is another name for it?

A

Trichuriasis or Human Whipworm

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53
Q

What does Trichinella spiralis cause?

A

Trichinellosis or Trichinosis)

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54
Q

What are the bursate nematodes?

A
  • Ancylostoma
  • Necator

Superfamily –> Ancylostomatidae

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55
Q

What are the non-bursate nematodes?

A

Ascaridoidea –> Ascaris

Oxyuridae –> Enterobius

Trichuroidea –> Trichuris

Trichinelloidea –> Trichinella

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56
Q

Features of hookworms

A

Buccal capsule well developed; leaf crowns and teeth usually present. Direct life cycle; infection by J3 in environment

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57
Q

Features of Ascaridoidea

A

Large white worms. Direct life cycle; infection by J3 in egg

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58
Q

Features of Pinworms

A

Female has long pointed tail. Direct life cycle; infection by J3 in egg

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59
Q

Features of Whipworms

A

Whip-like or hair-like worms. Direct or indirect life cycle; infection by J1

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60
Q
A

Necator americanus &
Ancylostoma duodenale

(Intestinal “hookworms”)

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61
Q

What is the old world hookworm and what is the new world hookworm?

A

Old world –> A. duodenale

New world –> N. americanus

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62
Q

Location of adult hookworms

A

small intestine (jejunum and duodenum).

•Life cycle is direct. Female is longer than male.

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63
Q

DH and infective stage of hookworms

A
  • DH: Humans, and other mammals.

* Infective form: third-stage filariform juvenile (L3) in environment.

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64
Q

Mode of transmission of hookworms

A

penetration of infective filariform larva into the skin.

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65
Q

Clinical features of hookworms

A

skin itching and rash; spoliative action (protein and iron deficiency), anemia; intestinal inflammation, diarrhea.

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66
Q

Dx of hookworms

A

eggs in stool; concentration techniques

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67
Q

Tx of hookworms

A

available (mebendazole, albendazole); iron supplementation

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68
Q

Prevention of hookworms

A

avoid barefoot walking where hookworms could happen; not defecating outdoors

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69
Q

Intestinal hookworm Life cycle

A
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70
Q
A

Filariform larvae (infective stage) of hookworm

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71
Q
A

Hookworm egg (fully developed)

72
Q
A

Intestinal hookworm

73
Q

Intestinal hookworm Morphology

A
74
Q

N. Americanus vs A. duodenale morphological differences

A
75
Q
A

A. ctenomyos

76
Q
A

Ascaris lumbricoides

77
Q

What is the largest nematode infecting humans?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

78
Q

Location of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

small intestine

79
Q

DH and infective form of Ascaris lumbricoides

A
  • DH: human (and some non-human primates)

* Infective form: embryonated egg containing rhabditiform

80
Q

Clinical features of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

spoliative action (protein and vitamin A deficiency); intestinal obstruction, intussusception, perforation. Also, could be in lungs (pneumonia)

81
Q

Dx and Tx of Ascaris lumbricoides

A
  • Dx: eggs in stool, juveniles in sputum, adults in stool

* Tx: available (albendazole)

82
Q

Prevention of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

avoid potentially contaminated soil; good personal hygiene actions; not defecating outdoor

83
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides Life cycle

A
84
Q

What species of nematode do these eggs belong to?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

85
Q
A

Enterobius vermicularis

86
Q

Where are pinworms found in the world?

A

Worldwide. Most common helminthic infection in United States and Europe. Seen mostly in children and among family members. Direct life cycle.

87
Q

Location of Enterobius vermicularis adult

A

large intestine, cecum, perineal region

88
Q

DH and infective stage of Enterobius vermicularis

A
  • DH: Humans, chimpanzee

* Infective stage: embryonated egg containing infective larva

89
Q

Mode of transmission of Enterobius vermicularis

A

by ingesting eggs by means of contaminated fingers or autoinfection (transferring eggs to the mouth with hands that have scratched the perianal area)

90
Q

Clinical features of Enterobius vermicularis

A

pruritus ani, discomfort, enuresis. Sometimes, female genital-urinary symptoms. Abdominal pain. Secondary lesions and bacterial infection due to perineal scratching

91
Q

Dx, Tx, and prevention of Enterobius vermicularis

A
  • Dx: eggs in perineal and anus skin (transparent tape technique, right after waking-up), and under the nails; adults 2-3 hours after asleep. Difficult in stool.
  • Tx: available (mebendazole, albendazole, or pyrantel pamoate)
  • Prevention: proper hand washing.
92
Q

Enterobius vermicularis Life cycle

A
93
Q
A

Enterobius vermicularis

94
Q
A

Enterobius vermicularis

95
Q
A

Trichuris trichiura

Trichuriasis or “Human Whipworm”

96
Q

What is the distribution of Trichuris trichiura?

A

Worldwide. Third most common roundworm in humans.

97
Q

Location of Trichuris trichiura adult

A

cecum and ascending colon

98
Q

DH of Trichuris trichiura

A

human, primates. Direct life cycle.

99
Q

Clinical features of Trichuris trichiura

A

in heavy infections, painful diarrhea that contain a mixture of mucus, water, blood and typically smells worse than usual.

100
Q

Infective stage of Trichuris trichiura

A

embryonated egg containing infective larva

101
Q

Mode of transmission of Trichuris trichiura

A

by ingesting eggs in hands or food in contact with contaminated soil

102
Q

Dx, Tx, and prevention of Trichuris trichiura

A
  • Dx: eggs in stool (concentration technique)
  • Tx: available (albendazole, mebendazole)
  • Prevention: proper hand washing; avoid soil and food potentially contaminated with human feces. Not defecating outdoor.
103
Q

Trichuris trichiura Life cycle

A
104
Q
A

Trichuris trichiura

105
Q
A

Trichuris trichiura

106
Q

Trichinella spiralis location of adult

A

small intestine

107
Q

DH and infective form of Trichinella spiralis

A
  • DH: different wild and domestic mammal species. Human acts as accidental host (dead-end for parasite).
  • Infective form: Encysted larvae in the striated muscles of pigs and other animals.
108
Q

Mode of transmission of Trichinella spiralis

A

ingestion of larvae encysted in meat

109
Q

Clinical features of Trichinella spiralis

A

gastrointestinal symptoms in the first days. Muscle pain, fever, itchy skin
or rash, weakness, cough, chills

110
Q

Dx, Tx, and prevention of Trichinella spiralis

A
  • Dx: antibody test, muscle biopsy
  • Tx: when early diagnosis is performed, anti-helminthic drugs are affective. After muscle invasion, symptomatic treatment is prescribed.
  • Prevention: cook meat to safe temperatures. Hand washing.
111
Q

Trichinella spiralis Life cycle

A
112
Q
A

Trichinella spiralis Morphology

113
Q
A

Trichinella spiralis Morphology

114
Q

Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)

A

Invertebrates with hard chitinous exoskeleton, a segmented body and jointed limbs.

115
Q

Insecta vs Arachnida

A
116
Q

Arthropods Classification

A
117
Q

Arthropods Medical importance

A
  • Injury: bite, sting, cause allergic reactions, itchy, inflammation, blood loss
  • Disease transmission (acting as vector or definitive host)
  • Secondary bacterial infection
  • Social stigma
118
Q

Insecta: Phthiraptera (Lice)

A
119
Q
A

Lice

120
Q

Pediculus humanus head lice vs body lice

A 
head louse (P. h. capitis) 
body louse (P. h. humanus ).
121
Q

Pediculus humanus DH

A

human

122
Q

Pediculus humanus epidemiology

A

worldwide. Children 3 to 11 years of age are infested most often. Body lice are also cosmopolitan but are less common

123
Q

Pediculus humanus food

A

blood (sucking louse)

124
Q

Pediculus humanus clinical features

A

tickling feeling of something moving in the hair, itching, caused by an allergic reaction to louse saliva, and irritability. Secondary bacterial infection may be a complication.

125
Q

Lice mode of transmission

A

head-to-head contact, typically at school.

126
Q

Lice tx and dx

A
  • Dx: finding a live nymph or adult louse on the scalp or in the hair of a person
  • Tx: pediculicides (natural pyrethrin, synthetic pyrethroids and other insecticides)
127
Q

Lice- Pediculus humanus Life cycle

A

Egg → nymph → adult

128
Q
A

Pediculus humanus

129
Q

Insecta: Diptera

A

Flies and mosquitos

130
Q

What are the main two species of mosquitos?

A

Culex spp. and Anopheles spp.

131
Q

What are culex spp vectors for?

A

Vector for West Nile virus and filarial nematodes

132
Q

How are Culex spp eggs laid?

A

Eggs are laid in clusters
(cigar-shaped)

Eggs lack lateral air floats

133
Q

What do culex spp look like?

A

Adults: transparent wings,

capable to fly long distances

134
Q

How do culex spp rest?

A

Resting: parallel to the

surface

135
Q

What are anopheles vectors for?

A

Vector for Plasmodium spp.

and filarial nematodes

136
Q

How are Anopheles spp. eggs laid?

A

Eggs are laid singly (boat-
shaped)

Eggs present lateral air floats

137
Q

What do Anopheles spp. adults look like?

A

spotted wings, incapable

of flying long distances

138
Q

How do Anopheles spp. rest?

A

angle its body 45

degrees

139
Q

Mosquitoes- Culex spp. Life Cycle

A
140
Q

Mosquitoes- Anopheles spp. Life Cycle

A
141
Q

Mosquitoes Morphology

A
142
Q

Insecta: Siphonaptera

A

Fleas

143
Q

Pulex irritans distribution

A

Worldwide except for the Arctic

144
Q

Pulex irritans hosts

A

mammals, principally humans.

145
Q

Pulex irritans location of adult

A

host’s surface when it needs to feed. When not feeding can be found in environment

146
Q

Pulex irritans food

A

blood; larvae feed on various organic matter (feces of adults).

147
Q

Pulex irritans clinical features

A

itchy, redness, loca inflammation, secondary infections caused by scratching are common

148
Q

Pulex irritans Dx and Tx

A
  • Dx: adults in the host -> mount in slides to differentiate species.
  • Tx: no scratch, wash the bites, lotions to treat the itching, most important -> house hygiene practices
149
Q

Flea- Pulex irritans Life cycle

A 
Holometabolous insects: 
have a four-part life cycle 
consisting of eggs, 
larvae, pupae, and 
adults.

*P. irritans lay eggs on
the host, but
they fall off.

150
Q
A

Pulex irritans

151
Q

Acari: Metastigmata

A

(Ticks)

152
Q

Ticks distribution

A

Worldwide (ticks are found wherever their host species occur)

153
Q

Hard tick vs Soft tick

A

Ixodidae (hard ticks);

Argasidae (soft ticks).

154
Q

Tick hosts

A

vertebrates – varies according to species.

155
Q

Tick clinical features

A

Clinical features: itching, and irritability. Secondary bacterial infection (for scratching) may be a complication. Blood loss. Tick-borne diseases. Tick paralysis.

•Tick-borne diseases: bacteria, viruses and protozoa. In the United States, Lyme disease is the most reported vector-borne disease

156
Q

Tick Dx and Tx

A

Dx: finding a live adult in the host.

  • Tx: remove the tick (be sure to remove the buccal parts with forceps).
  • Their bodies slowly enlarge to accommodate the amount of blood ingested.
157
Q
A

Tick morphology

158
Q
A

Mites

159
Q
A

Mites –> Sarcoptes

160
Q

Nematomorpha

A

Horsehair worms

161
Q

Where can Nematomorpha be found

A

Larvae parasitic of arthropods (primary beetles and crickets).

• Free-living adult → can be found in damp areas (watering troughs, swimming pools, streams, puddles, and cisterns)

162
Q

Differences of Nematomorpha with nematodes:

A

Hairworms lack cephalic papillae, lateral
epidermal cords, secretory-excretory systems,
and spicules.

•Female hairworms’ genital opening is located in
the posterior end (not near to the middle as in
Nemata).

•Hairworm adults have a poorly/absent digestive
system

•Hairworms have a true larval stage that
undergoes significant morphological change.

163
Q

Nematomorpha Life Cycle

A

•Larva is happening in
arthropod host. They
rapidly develop on adults
upon contact water.

•Dioecious species mate
and lay eggs strings.

•Larvae develop, infect, and
encyst indiscriminately
within a variety of aquatic
animals.

164
Q
A

Nematomorpha Morphology

165
Q

Class Pentastomida

A

“Tongue worms”, “Pentastomas”

166
Q

Where is Pentastomida found

A

Found in the respiratory passages and viscera of vertebrates (overall, reptiles and carnivores mammals)

167
Q

Linguatula genus

A

adult parasites occurring in the nasal passages and sinuses of dogs, cats, foxes and primates.

Human infection: contact with dog saliva or eating raw ruminant viscera.

168
Q

Armillifer genus

A

is found in the lungs of large snakes but has also been reported in the viscera of primates and humans.

Human infection: eating raw snake meat, or with water contaminated with snake secretions.

169
Q

Class Pentastomida Morphology

A
  • Annulated body
  • Anterior end with two pairs of retractable fangs or hooks
  • Eggs with four- or six-legged larva are discharged by nasal secretions.
170
Q

Pentastomida life cycle

A

If swallowed, in the appropriate host, some species could encyst in nymph form (similar to adult, without developed reproductive organs)

171
Q
A

Pentastomida

172
Q

Important steps of Necropsy

A
  1. Assign a unique identifier to the mammal immediately upon capture.
  2. Field preservation of mammal specimens (if possible, process ASAP after euthanasia).
  3. Record standard mammal measurements.
  4. Swept for ectoparasites.
  5. Necropsy.
173
Q

Standard mammal measurements

A 
Total length (mm)
•Tail length (mm)
•Hindfoot length (mm)
•Ear length (mm)
•Weight (g)
e.g. 125-28-16-3    68g
174
Q

What is done with the Gastrointestinal tract?

A

is transferred

to a Petri dish and labeled

175
Q

What is done with the body cavity and organs?

A

are

visually inspected for parasites

176
Q

What is done with host tissues?

A

are collected and

preserved

BIOS385 (2 decks)

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